.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

(5.5) Půjčeno:22x 

BK

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1982

3 sv. : il., mapy ; 22 cm

ISBN 0-521-28540-2 (vol. 2 ; brož.)

ISBN 0-521-29719-2 (vol. 1 ; brož.)

ISBN 0-521-28541-0 (vol. 3 ; brož.)

Popsáno podle dotisku 1992

Obsahuje bibliografie a rejstříky

1. Introduction -- 2. British Isles -- 3. Beyond the British Isles

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Contents // Volume i: An Introduction // Preface xv // Typographical conventions and phonetic symbols xvii // i Aspects of accent I // 1.1 Linguistic and social variability i // 1.1.1 Introduction I // 1.1.2 Dialect and accent 2 // 1.1.3 Traditional-dialect 4 // 1.1.4 Geographical variation 8 // i. 1.5 Socio-economic class 13 // 1.1.6 Sex, ethnicity 18 // 1.1.7 Age: the time dimension 23 // 1.1.8 Styles and roles 25 // i. 1.9 Perceiving a stereotype 28 // 1.1.1 ? Projecting an image 31 // 1.1.11 Standards 34 // i. i. 12 What are the facts? 36 // 1.2 Accent phonology 39 // 1.2.1 Why phonology? 39 // 1.2.2 The taxonomic-phonemic model 41 // 1.2.3 Phonetic similarity 44 // 1.2.4 Non-contrastive distribution 45 // 1.2.5 Affricates and diphthongs 48 // 1.2.6 The phonological word 50 // 1.2.7 Multiple complementation and neutralization 52 // 1.2.8 Further difficulties with taxonomic phonemics 54 // 1.2.9 Phonological rules 57 // 1.2.10 Natural classes 59 // 1.2.11 A case in point: the velar nasal 60 // 1.2.12 Optional rules, variable rules 64 // 1.2.13 Rule ordering 66 // 1.2.14 Polylectal and panlectal phonology 69 // 1.3 How accents differ 72 // 1.3.1 Introduction 72 // 1.3.2 Phonetic realization 73 // Contents // 1.3.3 Phonotactic distribution 75 // í.3.4 Phonemic systems 76 // 1.3.5 Lexical distribution 78 // 1.3.6 Further considerations 80 // 1.3.7 Consequences: rhymes, puns, and intelligibility 81 // 1.3.8 Rhythmical characteristics 86 // 1.3.9 Intonation 89 // 1.3.IO Voice quality 91

// Why accents differ 93 // 1.4.1 Why innovations arise 93 // 1.4.2 System preservation 97 // ?3 Splits and mergers 99 // 1.4.4 Regularization IOI // 1.4.5 Why innovations spread 103 // 14.6 The influence of literacy 106 // 1.4.7 External influences no // 1.4.8 Altering one’s accent III // Sets and systems II7 // The reference accents II7 // 2.1.1 Introduction II7 // 2.1.2 The vowel system of RP IIS // 2.1.3 The vowel system of GenAm 120 // 2.1.4 The two vowel systems compared 122 // 2.1.5 RP and GenAm: further comparison I24 // Standard lexical sets I27 // 2.2.1 KIT I27 // 2.2.2 DRESS 128 // 2.2.3 TRAP I29 // 2.2.4 LOT I30 // 2.2.5 STRUT I3I // 2.2.6 FOOT I32 // 2.2.7 BATH I33 // 2.2.8 CLOTH I36 // 2.2.9 NURSE I37 // 2.2.10 FLEECE I40 // 2.2.u FACE MI // 2.2.12 PALM I42 // 2.2.13 THOUGHT I44 // 2.2.14 GOAT I46 // 2.2.15 GOOSE I47 // 2.2.16 PRICE I49 // 2.2.17 CHOICE I50 // 2.2.18 MOUTH ISI // 2.2.19 NEAR I53 // Contents // 2.2.20 SQUARE I55 // 2.2.21 START I57 // 2.2.22 NORTH I59 // 2.2.23 force X6o // 2.2.24 CURE 162 // 2.2.25 Weak vowels: happY, lettER, commA 165 // 2.3 Systems; a typology 168 // 2.3.1 Part-system A 168 // 2.3.2 Part-system ? lyi // 2.3.3 Part-system C 173 // 2.3.4 Part-system D 175 // 2.3.5 The consonant system 178 // 2.3.6 A typology for accents of English 181 // 3 Developments and processes 184 // 3.1 Residualisms ’ 184 // 3.1.1 The Great Vowel Shift 184 // 3.1.2 NG Coalescence 188 // 3.1.3 The velar fricative 189 // 3.1.4 thought Monophthonging 191

3.1.5 The Long Mid Mergers 192 // 3.1.6 The fleece Merger 194 // 3.1.7 The foot-strut Split 196 // 3.1.8 The nurse Merger ! 99 // 3.1.9 Pre-Fricative Lengthening 203 // 3.1.10 Yod Dropping 206 // 3.1.11 price and choice 208 // 3.1.12 Long Mid Diphthonging 210 // 3.1.13 The Great Divide 211 // 3.2 British prestige innovations 212 // 3.2.1 Vowels before/?/ 213 // 3.2.2 R Dropping 218 // 3.2.3 R Insertion 222 // 3.2.4 Glide Cluster Reduction 228 // 3.2.5 Suffix vowels 231 // 3.2.6 bath and cloth 232 // 3.2.7 The force Mergers 234 // 3.2.8 The realization of goat 237 // 3.2.9 Smoothing 238 // 3.3 Some American innovations 242 // 3.3.1 Vowels before/r/ 242 // 3.3.2 lot Unrounding; loss of distinctive length 245 // 3.3.3 Later Yod Dropping 247 // 3.3.4 Tapping and T Voicing 248 // Contents // 3.4 Some further British innovations 252 // 3.4.1 H Dropping 253 // 3.4.2 Diphthong Shift 256 // 3.4.3 Happy Tensing 257 // 3.4.4 L Vocalization 258 // 3.4.5 Glottalization 260 // 3.4.6 The -ing variable 262 // Sources and further reading 264 // References 263 // Index 271 // Volume 2: The British Isles // Preface xv // Typographical conventions and phonetic symbols xvii // 4 England 279 // 4.1 RP revisited 279 // 4.1.1 Varieties of RP 279 // 4.1.2 U-RP 280 // 4.1.3 Adoptive RP 283 // 4.1.4 Variability in mainstream RP 285 // 4.1.5 RP: systemic variability 287 // 4.1.6 RP: distributional variability 289 // 4.1.7 RP: realizational variability 291 // 4.1.8 RP: lexical-incidential variability 295

// 4.1.9 Near-RP 297 // 4.2 London 301 // 4.2.1 Introduction 301 // 4.2.2 The vowel system 303 // 4.2.3 Monophthongs and centring diphthongs 305 // 4.2.4 The Diphthong Shift 306 // 4.2.5 The thought Split 310 // 4.2.6 The GOAT Split 312 // 4.2.7 Vowel plus/1/ 3I3 // 4.2.8 Further remarks on vowels 317 // 4.2.9 The consonant system; [h] 321 // 4.2.10 Plosives: affrication, glottalling, tapping 322 // 4.2.11 Glottalling of other consonants 327 // 4.2.12 Fricatives 328 // 4.2.13 Yod phenomena 330 // 4.2.14 Prosodic features 331 // 4.2.15 Literary Cockney 332 // 4.3 The south 335 // 4.3.1 Introduction 335 // Contents // 4.3.2 East Anglia: vowels 337 // 4.3.3 The Norwich vowel system 340 // 4.3.4 East Anglia: consonants and prosodic features 341 // 4.3.5 The west country: rhoticity and its consequences 341 // 4.3.6 The west country: other consonants 343 // 4.3.7 The west country: vowels 345 // 4.3.8 The Bristol vowel system ?48 // 4.4 The north 349 // 4.4.1 Introduction 349 // 4.42 The strut words 351 // 4.4.? The bath words 353 // 4.4.4 Other vowels ?56 // 44.5 Two vowel systems 363 // 4.4.6 Velar nasal plus 365 // 44.7 Yorkshire Assimilation 366 // 448 The consonant /r/ 367 // 4.4.9 Other consonants ?70 // 44.10 Merseyside 371 // 44.11 Tyneside 374 // 5 The Celtic countries 377 // 5.1 Wales 377 // Si-1 Introduction 377 // 5.1.2 Rhoticity 378 // 5.1.3 A typical vowel system 380 // 5.1.4 Five possible extra contrasts 384 // 5.1.5 Further remarks on vowels 386 // 5.1.6 Consonants 387

// 5.1.7 Connected-speech variants 391 // 5.1.8 Prosodic features 391 // 5.1.9 Sociolinguistics in Cardiff  ?92 // 5.2 Scotland 393 // 5.2.1 Introduction 393 // 5.2.2 Scots 395 // 5.2.3 Monophthongs 399 // 524 Diphthongs 405 // 5.2.5 Vowels before /r/ 407 // 5.2.6 Consonants 408 // 5.2.7 The Highlands and Islands 412 // 5.2.8 Prosodic features 414 // 5.2.9 Sociolinguistic studies * 415 // 5.3 Ireland 417 // 5.3.1 Introduction 417 // 5.32 The vowel system 418 // Contents // 5.3-3 Vowels before /r/ 420 // 5-3-4 Short vowels 421 // 5-3-5 Long vowels 424 // 5.3.6 Diphthongs 425 // 5-3-7 Weak vowels 427 // 5-3.8 Alveolar and dental stops 428 // 5.?.9 The liquids 431 // 5.3.10 • Other consonants 432 // 5-3-? Processes 434 // 5-3-12 Prosodic features 436 // 5.313 The north: introduction 436 // 5.3.I4 The north: vowel system and vowel length 438 // 5.3.I5 The north: vowel quality 440 // 5.3.16 The north: consonants 445 // 5-3-I7 The north: processes 447 // 5.3.I8 The north: intonation 447 // 5.3.I9 The north: accent and dialect 448 // 5.3-20 Summary 449 // Sources and further reading 451 // References 453 // Index 462 // Volume 3: Beyond the British Isles // Preface XV // Typographical conventions and phonetic symbols . xvii // 6 North America 467 // 6.1 GenAm revisited 467 // 6.1 ? Introduction 467 // 6.1.2 The thought-lot Merger 473 // 6.1.3 Further issues relating to thought and lot 475 // 6.1.4 bath Raising 477 // 6.1.5 Vowels before /r/ 479 // 6.1.6 Other

vowels 485 // 6.1.7 Consonants 488 // 6.2 Canada 490 // 6.2.1 Introduction 490 // 6.2.2 The vowel system 492 // 6.2.3 The open back vowel(s) 493 // 6.2.4 price, mouth Raising 494 // 6.2.5 Consonants 495 // 6.2.6 Questions of incidence 496 // 6.2.7 Newfoundland: general 498 // 6.2.8 Newfoundland: vowels 498 // 6.2.9 Newfoundland: consonants 500 // Contents // * : New York City 501 // 6 3.1 Introduction 501 // f 3-2 The vowel system 503 // -33 Variable non-rhoticity and its consequences 505 // r 34 NURSE and CHOICE 508 // * 3 5 bath Raising 510 // 4 3 6 CLOTH-THOUGHT Raising 513 // *3" lot Lengthening 514 // * 3 $ Alveolars and dentals 515 // *39 Other consonants 517 // ’ j. New England 5x8 // *4-i Introduction 518 // *4-2 Non-rhoticity 520 // 4 4-3 The open front vowel area 522 // *44 The open back vowel area 524 // *4-5 The New England ‘short 0’ 525 // * 46 price and mouth 526 // ? 5 The south 527 // *5-i Introduction 527 // * 5-2 The vowel system 530 // *5 3 The lax vowels 533 // - 54 price and mouth 537 // * 5.5 Other vowels 539 // *-5-6 Vowel plus nasal 540 // - 5 “ Is southern speech non-rhotic? 542 // * 5.8 Vowel plus /r/ 545 // *-5-9 Vowel plus/1/ 550 // * 5.10 Weak vowels 551 // * 5.11 Consonants 552 // * § Black English 553 // **.i Introduction 553 // * 6.2 Phonetic characteristics 556 // - The West Indies 560 // * l-eneral characteristics of Caribbean English 560 // "ii Introduction 560 // “ 1-2 Creole 5?2 // *13 TH Stopping 565 // * 14 Cluster reduction 566

// " i 5 Other consonants 567 // "1-6 Vowels and/r/ 370 // " i 7 Prosodic features 572 // * -2 Individual territories  74 // "-2. i Jamaica  74 // " 2.2 Trinidad r-,-, // Contents // 7-2.3 Guyana 581 // 7.2.4 Barbados 583 // 7.2.5 The Leewards 585 // 7.2.6 Bahamas 588 // 8 The southern hemisphere 592 // 8.1 Australia 592 // 8.1.1 Introduction 592 // 8.1.2 The vowel system 595 // 8.1.3 Closing diphthongs 597 // 8.1.4 Monophthongs 598 // 8.1.5 Centring diphthongs 599 // 8.1.6 Weak vowels 601 // 8.1.7 Consonants 603 // 8.1.8 Prosodic characteristics 604 // 8.2 New Zealand 605 // 8.2.1 Introduction 605 // 8.2.2 Central kit 606 // 8.2.3 The remainder of the vowel system 607 // 8.2.4 The lateral and its influence 609 // 8.2.5 Other consonants 610 // 8.3 South Africa 610 // 8.3.1 Introduction 610 // 8.3.2 The kit Split 612 // 8.3.3 Other front vowels 613 // 8.34 Diphthongs 614 // 8.3.5 Long monophthongs 615 // 8.3.6 The liquids 616 // 8.3.7 Other consonants 617 // 8.3.8 Regional and social variability 620 // 9 The imperial legacy 623 // 9.1 India 624 // 9.1.1 Introduction 624 // 9.1.2 Anglo-Indian 624 // 9.1.3 Vowels 626 // 9.1.4 Consonants 627 // 9.1.5 Prosodic characteristics 630 // 9.1.6 Interference and intelligibility 631 // 9.2 Africa 632 // 9.2.1 Introduction 632 // 92.2 Liberia 634 // 9.2.3 Vowels 636 // 9.2.4 Consonants 639 // 9.2.5 Prosodic characteristics 643 // 9.2.6 Interference and intelligibility 644 // Contents // The Far East 645 // 9.3.1 Singapore 645 // 9.3.2 The Philippines 647

// 9.3.3 Hawaii 649 // Sources and further reading 652 // References 654 // Index 668