Contents // Preface ...vii // Frontispiece...xi // The Question Posed by Our Concern for Others: // Altruism or Egoism?...1 // Part I: The Altruism Question in Western Thought // Egoism and Altruism in Western Philosophy...17 // Egoism and Altruism in Early Psychology...33 // The Altruism Question in Contemporary Psychology...43 // Part II: Toward an Answer: // The Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis // A Scientific Method for Addressing the Altruism Question // 61 // vi // CONTENTS // A Three-Path Model of Egoistic and Altruistic Motivation to // Help: The Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis...74 // Egoistic Alternatives to the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis...91 // Part HI: Testing the Egoistic Alternatives to the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis // 8 Aversive-Arousal Reduction... // 9 Empathy-Specific Punishment... // 0 Empathy-Specific Reward... // 109 // 128 // 149 // Part IV: Extensions // Other Possible Sources of Altruistic Motivation: The Altruistic Personality...177 // Implications and Limitations of the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis ... // 202 // References // 231 // Author Index ...247 // Subject Index ...252