CONTENTS 7 // PREFACE 9 // ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS // 19 // 1. PART ONE: GROUPINGS // 21 // 1.1 The Communist Party of the USA // 1.1.1 Against American exceptionalism: the Communist International takes charge // 1.1.2 Third Period: Social Fascism // 1.1.3 Mobilizing the Masses // 1.1.4 United Soviet States of America // 1.1.5 The League of Professional Groups for Foster and Ford // 1.1.6 Fourth Period: Popular Front // 1.1.7 Mobilizing anti-Fascist writers: the League of American Writers established // 1.2 Liberals // 1.2.1 Laissez-faire versus Planning // 1.2.2 Liberals’ attitudes to Communism // 1.2.3 Liberals and Franklin Delano Roosevelt // 1.2.4 Liberals and Fascism // 1.3 Independent Radicalism: Partisan Fveview // 1.3.1 The Proletarian phase of Partisan Review: 1934-1936 // 1.3.2 John Reed Clubs close down: radicalism goes out of fashion // 1.3.3 The reborn Partisan Review declares independence // 2 PART TWO: EVENTS // 2.1 “Fascism” // 2.1.1 Discussing the nature of “Fascism” 77 // 2.1.2 Modern Quarterly, early radical critique of the concept of // Social-Fascism 7$ // 2.1.3 “Will Fascism Come to America?” 79 // 2.2 The Trials 91 // 2.2.1 Responses of American Liberals 92 // 2.2.2 The American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky 96 // 2.2.3 Defending the indefensible 99 // 2.2.4 The Committee for Cultural Freedom 101 // 2.2.5 Partisan Review and the trials 103 // 2.3 The Spanish Civil War 109 // 2.3.1 Blurred contours 109 // 2.3.2 Modern Monthly analysis 111 // 2.3.3 Democracy versus Fascism or class struggle9 112 // 2.3.4 America’s dilemma: to intervene or not to intervene? 115 // 2.4 The Pact 119 // 2.4.1 On the eve of the Pact: the Popular Front sends an Open Letter 120 // 2.4.2 Unexpected Pact? 120 // 2.4.3 Early Communist reactions to the war 124 // 2.4.4 Popular Front Liberals begin to defect 127 //
2.4.5 Marching over a cliff en masse: the radical critique of fellowtraveling liberalism 129 // 2.4.6. Chamberlain system no better than Fascism? Spender versus Macdonald 131 // 2.4.7 ’10 Propositions on the War: Macdonald’s and Greenberg’s “revolutionary defensism” 135 // S. CONCLUSION 143 // 4. APPENDICES 149 // Appendix One: A list of signatories of the “Culture and the Crisis” manifesto issued by the League of Professional Groups for Foster and Ford, October, 1932. 150 // Appendix Two: A List of signatories of the Open Letter to American Liberals 151 // Appendix Three: 123 names of signatories of the statement in support of the Moscow Trials published in the Daily Worker of April 28, 1938. 152 // Appendix Four: The text of the manifesto of the Committee for Cultural Freedom. 154 // Appendix Five: A partial list of the signatories of the manifesto of the Committee for Cultural Freedom, March of 1939. 156 // Appendix Six: A partial list of the signatories of the Open Letter of 400, as published in the Daily Worker on August 14, 1939. 157 // Appendix Seven: Statement of the League for Cultural Freedom and Socialism (Fall 1939) 162 // Appendix Eight: A list of signatories of the Statement of the League for Cultural Freedom and Socialism (Fall 1939) 164 // Appendix Nine: A list of the members of the National Council of the American Peace Mobilization set up on September 2, 1940. . 165 // 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY 167 // 5. INDEX 175