.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

BK

New York : Random House, 1986

xii, 370 s.

ISBN 0-394-33594-5

000003741

CONTENTS // Preface v // CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 // Public Policy, Government, and Politics 3 // Public Policy 3/Government 4/Politics 5 // The Special Problems of Governing the United States 5/The Approach of // This Book: An Invitation to Analysis 8 // Evaluating Public Policies 8/Evaluating Democratic Procedures 9 // References 10 // CHAPTER 2 IDEAS AND IDEALS IN AMERICAN POLITICAL LIFE 11 // The Heritage of English Thought and Practice 13/Political Philosophy in // the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 16 // John Locke 16/Charles de Montesquieu 17/Political Ideas in the American // Colonies 17 // The Passions of Independence 19 // Tensions Between Colonies and Crown 19/The Declaration of Independence // (1776) 20 . // The Beginnings of Self-Government 21 // The State Constitutions 21/The Articles of Confederation 22 // The Constitution 24 // States and the Nation 25/Governmental Authority and Individual Liberty // 26/The Allocation of National Power 27/Boxed Insert: The First Amendment // in Practice: Defining Freedom of Expression 28 // Summary 31/References 31/Selected Readings 32 // CHAPTER 3 THE AMERICAN CITIZEN 33 // Coming of Age Politically: The Process of Individual Political Socialization // 35 // Political Socialization over the Life Cycle 36/Political Socializing Agents 39/ // Boxed Insert: Becoming Political: Three Experiences 44/Political Socialization: // Some Conclusions 44 // Political Participation 46 // Modes of Participation 47/Who Participates? 52/The

Impact of Political // Participation 52 // Summary 55/References 55/Selected Readings 56 // CHAPTER 4 THE ELECTORAL PROCESS 57 // Critical Criteria an Electoral System Must Satisfy 58/The Electoral Process // in America: The Formalities 59 // Types and Timing of Elections 59/Who May Vote? 60 // X // CONTENTS // Political Parties 61 // Characteristics of the American Party System 61/Republicans and Democrats // 62/Parties in Decline 64 // Presidential Elections 66 // The Presidential Nominating Process 67/General Election Contests for the // Presidency 71/Determinants of Campaign Outcomes 73/Boxed Insert: Interpreting the 1984 Presidential Election 78 // Congressional Elections 76 // The Congressional Nominating Process 77/General Elections for Congressional Seats 80 // Summary 86/References 87/8 elected Readings 88 // CHAPTER 5 INTEREST GROUPS AND AMERICAN PLURALISM 89 // Interest Groups and Political Action 91 // Interest Group Resources 91/Strategies and Techniques 9%/Boxed Insert: // Public Policy from the Pulpit: Lobbying for the Christian Right 100 // Interest Groups and Modern Public Policy 107 // Interest Groups: Opposing Perspectives 107/Policy Makers and Interest // Groups 109 // Summary 110/References 110/Selected Readings 111 // CHAPTER 6 CONGRESS AND THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS 113 // Members of Congress and Their Work Environment 114 // The Members of Congress: A Composite Portrait 115/The Work Environment 116/Staff and Support Services 116 // The Functions of Congress

119 // Legislation 120/Boxed Insert: From the Rio Grande to Capitol Hill: The Battle // for Immigration Reform 126/Representation 126/Boxed Insert: Three Congressional Districts Up Close 132/Administrative Oversight 134 // The Organization of Congress 137 // Congressional Parties 138/The Committee System 142/The Allocation of // Legislative Power 145 // Summary 147/References 147/Selected Readings 148 // CHAPTER 7 ENERGY POLICY 149 // The Origins of the Energy Status Quo in the 1980s 150 // Turning Point: The Arab Oil Embargo 15.0/Energy Problems After the Embargo 152 // Energy Policies Before 1973 154 // Oil Policy: A Case Study 155/Policy Impacts of Subsystem Dominance 157 // The Search for a National Energy Policy 158 // The Energy Policy Environment in the 1970s 159/Project Independence // 161/The Carter Energy Program 165/The Return to Free Enterprise 167/ // The Legacy of the Arab Oil Embargo 168 // The Future of Energy Policy 169 // Future Policy Options 170/The Problem of Policy Choice \\73IBoxed Insert: // Conservation: One City’s Experience 174 // Summary 176/References 178/’Selected Readings 178 // CONTENTS // CHAPTERS THE PRESIDENCY 179 // The Modern Presidency 180 // The Executive Office of the President 181 // Presidential Roles and Responsibilities 182 // Head of State 183/Boxed Insert: The President and the News Media 186/ // Coordinator of Economic Policy 185/Boxed Insert: The Annual Budget Cycle // 190/Principal Participant in Domestic Policy Making 194/Congressional

Relations 196/Manager of Policy Implementation 198 // Capabilities and Constraints: Dilemmas of Presidential Leadership 200 // Authority and Power 201/The Framers’ Dilemma Revisited 205 // Summary 205/References 206/Selected Readings 206 // CHAPTER 9 NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY 207 // National Security Policy After World War II 209 // Fundamentals of a New Policy 21 0/Containment in Operation 211/Boxed // Insert: The United States and Central America: Defining America’s National // Interest 216 // The National Security Policy-making Process 215 // Participants in National Security Policy Making 217/Central Actor: The President 223 // Contemporary Challenges to National Security Policy 224 // The Changing Shape of World Politics 224/Changes in the National Security // Policy-making Process 227/Implications of Presidential Dominance of Foreign Policy 229 . // Summary 230/References 231/Selected Readings 231 // CHAPTER 10 THE EXECUTIVE BUREAUCRACY 233 // The Character of the Federal Executive Branch 234 // Organizational Varieties 235/Personnel 239 // The Federal Bureaucracy and Public Policy 241 // What Do Executive Agencies Do? 242/Characteristics of Bureaucracies as // Policy Malters 246/Boxed Insert: Life and Death for the U.S. Travel Service: An // Iron Triangle at Work 249/Determinants of Bureaucratic Influence 250/The // Problems of Accountability 252 // Summary 254/References 255/Selected Readings 255 // CHAPTER 11 REGULATORY POLICY 257 // The History of Regulatory

Activity 259 // Phase I: The Railroads, the Trusts, and the Progressives 259/Phase II: The // New Deal 260/Phase III: Consumerism and the Shift to Social Regulation // 261 // Regulation: Criticisms and Reform 263 // Criticisms of Contemporary Regulation 264/Regulatoty Reform 266 // Regulatory Behavior 269 // Statutory Mandates 269/Boxed Insert: The Saccharin Ban and the Politics of // Regulation 270/Administrative Resources 270/Technical Information 272/ // External Pressures 273 // Summary 276/References 277/Selected Readings 277 // X // CONTENTS // CHAPTER 12 COURTS AND THE JUDICIAL PROCESS 279 // The Structure of the Federal Court System 281 // State Courts 281/Federal Courts 284/Federal Judges 286 // Courts at Work 291 // The Functions of Courts 29 VBoxed Insert: The Miranda Rules 294/Limits // on the Judicial Role in Policy Making 295 // Judicial Activism and the Policy-making Process 299 // Trends in Judicial Activism 302/Implications of Judicial Activism 304 // Summary 305/References 306/Selected Readings 306 // CHAPTER 13 EQUAL RIGHTS POLICY 307 // Desegregation 308 // The Early Challenge to Segregation Policies 311/May 1954: The Turning // Point M2IBoxed Insert: Plessy and Brown: Two Views of the "Separate But // Equal”Doctrine 314/Changing Tactics: Direct Action and Legislation 316 // Affirmative Action 322 // The Affirmative Action Cases 323 // Equal Rights and the Policy-making Process 326 // Public Opinion and Equal Rights Policy 326/The Courts and Public

Policy Malting 328/The Limits of the Law 329 // Summary 330/References 331/Selected Readings 331 // CHAPTER 14 CONCLUSION 333 // Obstacles to Democratic Self-Government 335 // The Disaggregation of Political Life 335/The Decentralization of Government // Authority 337/The Growth of Adjudication as a Policy-making Technique // 339/75116 Changing Public Agenda 340 // The Task Ahead 342 // APPENDIX 1 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 345 // APPENDIX 2 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 348 // INDEX 359