Contents 3 // Použité symboly 5 // Úvod 7 // COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH TO LANGUAGE TEACHING 9 // What do we mean by communicative competence? 9 // Components of communicative comvetence 10 // Characteristics of communicative activities 11 // Implications for lansuase learning and teachins 11 // TEACHING VOCABULARY 15 // What do we mean by knowins a -word? 15 // What factors affect vocabulary acquisition? 16 // What are the implications for the teachins of vocabulary? 16 // Multiple intellisences and learnins vocabulary 17 // TEACHING GRAMMAR 21 // What is srammar? 71 // How do we learn srammar in a foreign lansuase? 21 // What is covert and overt grammar teachins? 22 // Implications for teaching 22 // GIVING FEEDBACK AND CORRECTING ERRORS 25 // Causes of errors 25 // Interlaneuase 6 // Giving feedback 26 // TEACHING SPEAKING 29 // Types of spoken discourse in real life 29 // Features of good users of spoken lansuase 50 // Implications for teachins 51 // TEACHING LISTENING 35 // What makes listening difficult? 55 // What is the nature of listening comprehension? 56 // Implications for teachins 6 4 // TEACHING READING 39 // The nature of readme 39 // Features ofzood readers 39 // Implications for teaching 40 // TEACHING WRITING 43 // The nature of writins 43 // Research into writins 43 // Implications for teaching 44 // TESTING AND ASSESSMENT 47 // Testing and assessment 47 // Questions for evaluating test items 48 // EVALUATING TEXTBOOKS 51 // Criteria for evaluating textbooks 52 // Adapting textbooks 52 // KEY 55 // LITERATURE 59