Contents // List of figures vii // Introduction 1 // Part I First principles // 1 The idea of cultural studies 11 // Language and culture 12 // Semiotics and signification 16 // Marxism and ideology 22 // Individualism and subjectivity 26 // Texts, contexts and discourses 28 // Applying the principles 32 // 2 The British tradition: a short history 38 // Hoggart and The Uses of Literacy 43 // Raymond Williams 47 // E. P. Thompson and culturalism 63 // Stuart Hall 66 // The Birmingham Centre for Contemporary // Cultural Studies 70 // Other â€�centres’ 74 // Part n Central categories // 3 Texts and contexts 81 // Encoding/decoding 83 // The establishment of textual analysis 88 // Dethroning the text 102 // Polysemy, ambiguity and reading texts 108 // vi Contents // 4 Audiences 122 // Morley and the Nationwide audience 122 // Watching with the audience: Dorothy Hobson and // Crossroads 126 // Widening the frame: TV in the home 133 // Text and audience: Buckingham’s EastEnders 139 // Media audiences and ethnography 147 // The audience as fiction 151 // 5 Ethnographies, histories and sociologies 156 // Ethnography 156 // Historians and cultural studies 167 // Sociology, cultural studies and media institutions 174 // 6 Ideology 182 // The return of the repressed 183 // The turn to Gramsci 193 // The retreat from ideology: resistance, pleasure and the // new revisionism 198 // Postmodernism 207 // 7 Politics 215 // Politics, class and cultural studies 215 // Women take issue 222 // There ain’t no black227 // Conclusion 234 // Notes 236 // Bibliography 241 // About the author 253 // Index 254