Preface ...1 // Introduction ...5 - Peter Flora and Arnold J. Heidenheimer // Part One: What Is the Welfare State? // 1. The Historical Core and Changing Boundaries of the Welfare State - Peter Flora and Arnold J. Heidenheimer ...17 // Part Two: Why and How Welfare States Grew: Determinants and Variations // 2. Modernization, Democratization, and the Development of Welfare States in Western Europe - Peter Flora and Jens Alber ...37 // 3. The Development of Welfare States in North America - Robert T. Kudrle and Theodore R. Marmor ...81 // Part Three: Social Security: The Importance of Socioeconomic and Political Variables // 4. The Growth of Social Insurance Programs in Scandinavia: Outside Influences and Internal Forces - Stein Kuhnle ...125 // 5. Government Responses to the Challenge of Unemployment: The Development of Unemployment Insurance in Western Europe - Jens Alber ...151 // Part Four: Economic Equality: The Distribution of Incomes // 6. The Historical Development of Income Inequality in Western Europe and the United States - Franz Kraus ...187 // Part Five: Educational Opportunities: Access to Education and Priorities in Welfare State Development // 7. Educational Opportunities and Government Policies in Europe in the Period of Industrialization - Hartmut Kaelble ...239 // 8. Education and Social Security Entitlements in Europe and America - Arnold J. Heidenheimer ...269 // Part Six: An End to Growth? Fiscal Capacities and Containment Pressures // 9. Trends and Problems in Postwar Public Expenditure Development in Western Europe and North America - Jürgen Kohl ... 307. // 10. Leftism, Catholicism, and Democratic Corporatism: The Role of Political Parties in Recent Welfare State Development - Harold L. Wilensky ...345 // 11. Toward a New Welfare State? - Hugh Heclo ... 383 // Contributors ...407 // Index ...409