Introduction ...7 // I. Material and Methods ... 9 // II. Evolution of parasitic trematodes from free-living protrematodes ... 12 // III. Primitive life-cycle of trematodes (primary diheteroxenia) ... 25 // 1. Life-cycle without adolescaria ... 25 // 2. Life-cycle with adolescaria (models Notocotylus attenuatus, PhiXophthalmus sp.) ... 25 // IV. Three-host life-cycle of trematodes bound to water environment ... 36 // 1 . Origin of tri- and tetraheteroxenia ... 36 // 2. Significance of the second intermediate host ... 39 // 3. Adaptation of cercaria to penetration into the second intermediate host, modification of cyst wall and differentiation of metacercaria (models - Moliniella ancepsf Echinoparyphium aconiatum, Plagiorchis laricola) ... 40 // V. Life-cycles of trematodes bound to terrestrial environment ... 53 // 1. Phylogenesis of terrestrial snails and their adaptation to the existence on land ... 53 // 2. Adaptation of trematode larvae to parasitism in terrestrial snails ... 56 // VI. Three-host life-cycle of trematodes bound to terrestrial environment (models - Dicrocoeiium lanceatum, Eurytrema pancreaticum. Corrigia corrigia, Brachylaimus aequans) ... 60 // VII. Secondary two-host life-cycles of trematodes bound to terrestrial environment (models -Hasstilesia ovis, Leucochloridium paradoxum, L. perturbatum) ... 79 // VIII. Conclusion ... 88 // IX. References ... 91