.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

(1) Půjčeno:1x 

BK

6th ed.

San Francisco : Addison-Wesley, c2000

xv,512 s. : il.

ISBN 0-321-04288-3 (váz.)

Obsahuje ilustrace, grafy, bibliografické citace, předmluvu, rejstřík

BIbliografie: s. 431-504

Ekologie vývojová - učebnice vysokošk.

000029054

Contents // I Preface xii 1 I Background 1 // Scaling in Biology 1 // Scientific Methods and Human Knowledge 2 // Domain of Ecology: Definitions and Groundwork 5 // The Urgency of Basic Ecological Research 8 // Natural Selection 10 // Levels of Approach in Biology 12 // Debates and Progress in Ecology 13 // 2 I History and Biogeography 16 // Self-Replicating Molecular Assemblages 16 The Geological Past 17 Classical Biogeography 22 Continental Drift 24 // 3 I Meteorology 29 // Earth’s Physical Environment 29 Major Determinants of Climate 30 Local Perturbations 35 Variations in Time and Space 37 Global Weather Modification 42 // 4 I Climate and Vegetation 48 // Plant Life Forms and Biomes 48 Microclimate 49 // Primary Production and Evapotranspiration 53 Soil Formation and Primary Succession 58 Ecotones and Vegetational Continua 61 Classification of Natural Communities 63 Aquatic Ecosystems 65 // 5 I Resource Acquisition and Allocation 70 // Limiting Factors and Tolerance Curves 70 Resource Budgets and the Principle of Allocation 72 Time, Matter, and Energy Budgets 73 Leaf Tactics 75 // Foraging Tactics and Feeding Efficiency 78 Physiological Ecology 83 Physiological Optima and Tolerance Curves 84 Energetics of Metabolism and Movement 86 Adaptation and Deterioration of Environment 90 Heat Budgets and Thermal Ecology 93 Water Economy in Desert Organisms 97 Other Limiting Materials 98 Sensory Capacities and Environmental Cues 99 Adaptive Suites 100 Design Constraints 103 // 6 I

Rules of Inheritance 110 // Basic Mendelian Genetics 110 Nature versus Nurture 115 Selfish Genes 116 Population Genetics 117 Maintenance of Variability 118 // Units of Selection 120 Genetic Engineering 122 // 7 I Evolution and Natural Selection 124 // Agents of Evolution 124 Types of Natural Selection 124 Ecological Genetics 126 Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation 127 Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms 128 Galápagos Finches 129 // 8 I Vital Statistics of Populations 134 // Individuals Versus Populations 134 // Life Tables and Tables of Reproduction 135 // Net Reproductive Rate and Reproductive Value 142 // Stable Age Distribution 147 // Leslie Matrices 148 // Intrinsic Rate of Natural Increase 150 // Demographic and Environmental Stochasticity 153 // Evolution of Reproductive Tactics 154 // Reproductive Effort 155 // Expenditure per Progeny 160 // Patterns in Avian Clutch Sizes 163 // Evolution of Death Rates and Old Age 169 // Joint Evolution of Rates of Reproduction and Mortality 171 // 9 I Population Growth and Regulation 177 // Verhulst-Pearl Logistic Equation 177 Derivation of the Logistic Equation 182 Density Dependence and Density Independence 182 Opportunistic versus Equilibrium Populations 184 Population Regulation 188 // Population “Cycles”: Cause and Effect 193 // I ? I Sociality 200 // Use of Space: Home Range and Territoriality 200 Sex 203 Sex Ratio 207 // Sexual Selection and Mating Systems 211 Fitness and an Individual’s Status in Its Population 220 Social

Behavior and Kin Selection 220 The Evolution of Self-Deceipt 225 // II I Interactions Between Populations 228 // Direct Interactions 228 // Complex Population Interactions 229 // Mutualistic Interactions and Symbiotic Relationships 231 // Indirect Interactions 236 // 12 I Competition 240 // Mechanisms of Competition 240 Lotka-Volterra Competition Equations 241 Competitive Exclusion 248 // Balance Between Intraspecific and Interspecific Competition 249 // Evolutionary Consequences of Competition 252 // Laboratory Experiments 252 // Evidence from Nature 254 // Other Prospects 264 // 13 I The Ecological Niche 267 // History and Definitions 267 The Hypervolume Model 269 Niche Overlap and Competition 271 // Niche Dynamics 274 Niche Dimensionality 275 Niche Breadth 279 Evolution of Niches 289 // 14 I Experimental Ecology 294 // Design of Experiments 294 Ecological Experiments 294 A Defaunation Experiment 299 // 15 I Predation and Parasitism 302 // Predation 302 // Predator-Prey Oscillations 304 // “Prudent” Predation and Optimal Yield 312 // Selected Experiments and Observations 313 // Evolutionary Consequences: Prey Escape Tactics 315 // Parasitism 322 // Epidemiology 326 // Darwinian Medicine 328 // Coevolution 329 // 16 I Phylogenetics in Ecology 337 // Phylogenetic Systematics 337 // Vicari ance Biogeography 338 // Phylogeny and the Modem Comparative Method 338 // Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts 340 // Evolutionary Ecomorphology 341 // 171 Community and Ecosystem Ecology

345 // Systems and Macrodescriptors 345 Systems Ecology 347 // Compartmentation 348 The Community Matrix 352 Biogeochemical Cycles in Ecosystems 355 Principles of Thermodynamics 356 Pyramids of Energy, Numbers, and Biomass 358 Energy Flow and Ecological Energetics 359 Secondary Succession 363 // Evolutionary Convergence and Ecological Equivalence 366 // Community Evolution 368 // Pseudocommunities 369 // Landscape Ecology and Macroecology 379 // 18 I Biodiversity and Community Stability 388 // Saturation with Individuals and with Species 388 // Species Diversity 390 // Latitudinal Gradients in Diversity 394 // Types of Stability 403 // Community Stability 406 // 19 I Island Biogeography and Conservation Biology 413 // Species-Area Relationships 414 // Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography 416 // Islands as Ecological Experiments: Some Examples 420 // The Taxon Cycle 422 // Experimental Biogeography 424 // Conservation Biology 424 // I References 431 // I Index 505