I Preface to the third edition vii // List of symbols ix // Chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet xi // How to use this book xii // 1 introduction 1 // 2 The production of speech sounds 8 // 2 1 Articulators above the larynx // 2 2 Vowel and consonant // r 2.3 English short vowels // 3 Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs 19 // | 3.1 Long and short vowels // 3.2 Diphthongs // H 3.3 Triphthongs // 4 Voicing and consonants // 4 1 The larynx // 4 2 Respiration and voicing // 4 .3 Plosives // 4 4 English plosives // 4 .5 Fortis and lenis // 5 The phoneme // 38 // 5 1 The phoneme // 5.2 Sy mbols and transcription // 5.3 Phonology // Contents // 6 Fricatives and affricates 48 6.1 Production of fricatives and affricates // 6.2 The fricatives of English // 6.3 The affricates // 6.4 . Fortis consonants // 7 Nasals and other consonants 58 // 7.1 Nasals // 7.2 The consonant 1 // 7.3 The consonant r // 7.4 The consonants j and w // 8 The syllable 70 // 8.1 The nature of the syllable // 8.2 The structure of the English syllable // 8.3 Syllable division // 8.4 Practical conclusions // 9 Strong and weak syllables 81 // 9.1 Strong and weak // 9.2 The a vowel ("schwa") // 9.3 Close front and close back vowels // 9.4 Syllabic consonants // 10 stress in simple words 93 // 10.1 The nature of stress // 10.2 Levels of stress // 10.3 Placement of stress within the word // 11 Complex word stress 104 // 11.1 Complex words // 11.2 Suffixes // 11.3 Prefixes // 11.4 Compound words // 11.5 Variable stress // 11.6 Word-class pairs // 12 weak forms 112 // 13 Problems in phonemic analysis // 13.1 Affricates // 13.2 The English vowel system // 13.3 Syllabic consonants // 13.4 Clusters of s plus plosives // 13.5 Schwa (a) // 13.6 Distinctive features // 13.7 Conclusion // 14 Aspects of connected speech // 14.1 Rhythm // 14.2 Assimilation // 14.3 Elision // 14.4 Linking //
15 Intonation 1 // 15.1 Form and function in intonation // 15.2 Tone and tone languages // 15.3 Complex tones and pitch height // 15.4 Some functions of English tones // 16 intonation 2 162 // 16.1 The tone-unit // 16.2 The structure of the tone-unit // 16.3 Pitch possibilities in the simple tone-unit // 17 intonations I7l // 17.1 Fall-rise and rise-fall tones followed by a tail // 17.2 High and low heads // 17.3 Problems in analysing the form of intonation // 17.4 Autosegmental treatment of intonation // 18 Functions of intonation 1 183 // 18.1 The attitudinal function of intonation // 19 Functions of intonation 2 193 // 19.1 The accentual function of intonation // 19.2 The grammatical function of intonation // 19.3 The discourse function of intonation // 19.4 Conclusions // 20 Further areas of study in phonetics and phonology 204 // 20.1 Laboratory phonetics // 20.2 The study of variety // Recorded exercises 214 // Unit 2: English short vowels 215 // Unit 3: Long vowels. Diphthongsand triphthongs 216 // Unit 4: Plosives 218 // Unit 5: Revision 221 // Unit 6: Fricatives and affricates 223 // Unit 7: Further consonants 225 // Unit 8: Consonant clusters 227 // Unit 9: Weak syllables 229 // Unit 10: Word stress 232 // Unit 11: Complex word stress 234 // Unit 12: Weak forms 236 // Unit 13: Revision 238 // Unit 14: Elisions 239 // Unit 15: Tones 240 // Unit 16: The tone-unit 241 // Unit 17: Intonation 243 // Unit 18: Intonation: extracts from conversatic - 244 // Unit 19: Transcription of connected speech 345 // Unit 20: Further practice on connected speech 247 // Answers to written exercises 248 // Answers to recorded exercises 260 // Recommendations for general reading 270 // Bibliography 273 // Index 280