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BK

Arendal : Viak IT, cop. 1992

318 s. : il.

ISBN 82-991928-3-8 (brož.)

Obsahuje rejstřík.

Systémy informační geografické - učebnice vysokošk.

000032662

1. GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION 1 // 1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS 1 // 1.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES 8 // 1.3 BENEFITS OF COMPUTERISING INFORMATION 17 // 1.4 USERS 21 // 2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT - GEOGRAPHICAL DATA AND GIS 23 // 2.1 EARLY DEVELOPMENTS 23 // 2.2 THE FIRST AUTOMATIC PROCESSING OF 26 // GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION // 2.3 MICROPROCESSORS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENT 28 // 3. FROM THE REAL WORLD TO GIS 31 // 3.1 THE REAL WORLD 31 // 3.2 REAL WORLD MODEL 31 // 3.3 DATA MODEL 34 // 3.3.1 Graphical representation of objects 36 // 3.3.2 Object attributes 39 // 3.3.3 Object relations 39 // 3.3.4 Object quality 39 // 3.4 FROM DATABASE TO GIS TO AAAP 40 // 4. DIGITISING THE REAL WORLD 41 // 4.1 GENERAL ’ 41 // 4.2 VECTOR DATA MODEL 42 // 4.2.1 General 42 // 4.2.2 Coding digital data 43 // 4.2.3 Storing vector data 48 // 4.3 RASTER DATA MODELS 53 // 4.3.1 General 53 // 4.3.2 Storing raster data 58 // 4.4 AUTOAAATIC CONVERSION BETWEEN VECTOR AND RASTER MODELS 59 // 4.5 VECTOR VS. RASTER MODELS 60 // 5. // 6. // 4.ó TABULAR DATA AND COMPUTER REGISTERS 61 // 4.7 LINKING DIGITAL MAP AND REGISTER INFORMATION 65 // 4.8 GEOMETRIC DESCRIPTION OF CONTINUOUS TERRAIN SURFACES - DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS 67 // 4.9 GEOREFERENCES AND COORDINATE SYSTEMS 71 // 4.9.1 Continuous georeference systems 71 // 4.9.2 Discrete georeference systems 75 // HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FOR GIS 77 // 5.1 HARDWARE 77 // 5.1.1 Computers 77 // 5.1.2 Displays 80 // 5.1.3 Quantizers 82 // 5.1.4 Plotters and other output devices 84 // 5.2 SOFTWARE 87 // 5.2.1 General 87 // 5.2.2 Communication between users and computers 88 // 5.2.3 User requirements 92 // 5.3 WORKING ENVIRONMENT 93 // SOURCES, COLLECTION AND INTEGRATION OF DATA 95 // 6.1 INTRODUCTION 95 // 6.2 DIGITISING MAPS 96 // 6.2.1 Manual digitising 96 // 6.2.2 Scanning 101 // 6.2.3 Manual digitising or scanning 107 //

6.3 SURVEYING AND MANUAL COORDINATE ENTRY 108 // 6.3.1 Surveying 108 // 6.3.2 Manual entry of coordinates 110 // 6.4 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND PHOTO INTERPRETATION 110 // 6.5 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MAPPING 112 // 6.6 POSITIONING SYSTEMS 115 // 6.6.1 Global positioning system, GPS 115 // 6.6.2 Inertial navigation 118 // 6.7 SATELLITE DATA 118 // 6.7.1 Optical remote sensing 118 // 6.7.2 Analytic methods 123 // 6.8 TEXT DATA 126 // 6.9 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD) 127 // 6.10 ATTRIBUTE DATA 127 // 6.11 IMPORTING COMPUTERISED INFORMATION TO GIS 130 // 6.11.1 Background 130 // 6.1 1.2 Standard transfer formats 1 31 // 6.12 DATA STRUCTURING 132 // 6.13 FORAMI PROBLEMS IN ESTABLISHING GIS 136 // 7. DATA QUALITY 139 // 7.1 SELECTION CRITERIA 139 // 7.2 MEASUREMENT ACCURACY AND PRECISION 141 // 7.3 POSITIONAL ACCURACY 142 // 7.4 ATTRIBUTE DATA ACCURACY 144 // 7.5 GEOMETRY-ATTRIBUTE LINK CONSISTENCY 145 // 7.6 LOGICAL REIATIONSHIP CONSISTENCY 146 // 7.7 DATA COVERAGE AND DATA RESOLUTION 146 // 7.8 DATA CURRENTNESS 147 // 7.9 PROBABLE SOURCES OF ERROR 148 // 8. DATABASES 151 // 8.1 INTRODUCTION 151 // 8.2 FILES 153 // 8.3 DATABASE SYSTEMS 154 // 8.3.1 Hierarchial database systems 155 // 8.3.2 Network database systems 156 // 8.3.3 Relational database systems 157 // 8.4 ADAPTING DATABASES TO GIS USES 159 // 8.4.1 General 159 // 8.4.2 Databases for map data 161 // 8.4.3 Object oriented database systems 165 // 8.5 SAFEKEEPING AND SECURITY ROUTINES 167 // 9. GIS TOOLS 169 // 9.1 INTRODUCTION 169 // 9.2 ORGANISATION OF DATA STORAGE OPERATIONS 171 // 9.3 DATA ENTRY FUNCTIONS 173 // 9.4 IMPORTING EXISTING DIGITAL DATA 173 // 9.5 FUNCTIONS FOR CORRECTING AND ADAPTING 173 // GEOMETRIC DATA FOR FURTHER USE // 9.5.1 General utility functions 173 // 9.5.2 Editing and correcting errors and omissions 174 // 9.5.3 Creating topology 175 // 9.5.4 Transformations to a common map projection and a common coordinate system 176 //

9.5.5 Adjustments between map edges and between neighbouring areas 177 // 9.5.6 Thinning coordinates and smoothing lines 178 // 9.Ó EDITING ATTRIBUTE DATA 179 // 9.7 FUNCTIONS FOR ANALYSING DATA 179 // 9.7.1 Logic operations 180 // 9.7.2 Arithmetic operations 181 // 9.7.3 Geometric operations 182 // 9.7.4 Statistical operations 182 // 9.8 DATA RETRIEVAL AND SEARCH 183 // 9.9 OPERATIONS ON ATTRIBUTE DATA 183 // 9.10 CLASSIFICATION AND RECLASSIFICATION 185 // 9.1 1 INTEGRATED PROCESSING OF GEOMETRY AND ATTRIBUTES 186 // 9.1 1.1 Overlay 187 // 9.1 1.2 Buffer zones 192 // 9.11.3 Procedures in integrated data analyses 192 // 9.12 EXAMPLE OF THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF GIS ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS: SUPERIMPOSING AND ASSIGNING PRIORITIES TO NATURAL RESOURCE DATA 195 // 9.12.1 Statement of the problem 195 // 9.12.2 Procedure 195 // 9.13 NETWORK AND RASTER CONNECTIVITY OPERATIONS 199 // 9.13.1 Network operations 200 // 9.13.2 Connectivity operations on raster data 202 // 9.14 CONTIGUITY OPERATIONS AND INTERPOLATION 203 // 9.15 GIS ANALYTIC MODELS 205 // 9.15.1 Cartographic algebra 205 // 9.15.2 Expert systems 206 // 9.15.3 Linear combination 207 // 9.16 DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS 207 // 9.17 FUNCTIONS FOR «ENGINEERING GIS» 212 // 10. CARTOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION 215 // 10.1 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 215 // 10.1.1 Cartographic parameters 215 // 10.2 SELECTING AAAP SYMBOLS 2 Ě 8 // 10.3 THE POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS OF GIS IN 220 // CARTOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS // 11. INITIATING GIS 223 // 11.1 INTRODUCTION 223 // 11.1.1 Background of the centuries 223 // 11.1.2 Bridging the gap 224 // 11.2 THE ORGANISATIONAL EVOLUTION OF A MAJOR GIS IMPLEMENTATION 226 // 11.2.1 Development of a business concept and identification of goals 227 // 11.2.2 Appraisal of current tasks, users, data and data flow 227 // 11.2.3 Review of the experience of others with GIS 229 //

11.2.4 Financial evaluations: cost - benefit analyses 230 // 11.2.5 Developing a strategic plan 236 // 11.2.6 Developing a logical data model 245 // 11.3 IMPLEMENTING A MAJOR GIS FACILITY: SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 246 // 11.3.1 Design requirements 247 // 1 1.3.2 Pilot project 248 // 1 1.3.3 Pilot project outcome and the decision to change technologies 249 // 11.3.4 Evaluating and choosing systems 249 // 11.3.5 Database design 254 // 11.3.6 Creating a database 257 // 11.3.7 System operation and maintenance 257 // 11.3.8 Evaluating new applications 257 // 11.4 GIS AS AN ANCILLARY 258 // 11.5 CREATING NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC 259 // DATABASE AND DEVELOPING NEW BUSINESS SECTORS // 11.5.1 Principles of evolving strategies 259 // 11.5.2 Market analysis: first user study 260 // 11.5.3 Defining offerings 261 // 11.5.4 Cost model 261 // 11.5.5 Market analysis:second user study 262 // 1 1.5.6 Delineating strategies 264 // 1 1.5.7 Example of a strategy for national map services 265 // 12. GIS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 267 // 12.1 PRESENT SITUATION AND THE NEED FOR GIS 267 // 12.2 STRATEGIES FOR INITIATING GIS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 270 // 12.2.1 Ranking 270 // 12.2.2 Choice of technology 271 // 12.2.3 Building capabilities 272 // 12.2.4 Organising and coordinating 273 // 12.2.5 Financing GIS in developing countries 275 // 13. ELECTRONIC CHART DISPLAY AND INFORMATION SYSTEM (ECDIS) 277 // 13.1 INTRODUCTION 277 // 13.2 ECDIS BASICS 277 // 13.3 ELECTRONIC NAUTICAL CHARTS 280 // 13.4 OUTLOOK FOR ECDIS 283 // 14. GIS FACILITIES: EIGHT EXAMPLES 285 // 14.1 OVERVIEW 285 // 14.2 CITIES 285 // 14.2.1 Oslo, Norway 286 // 14.2.2 Edmonton, Canada 288 // 14.2.3 Burnaby, Canada 290 // 14.3 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY: DETROIT EDISON, USA 292 // 14.4 ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS: STOCKHOLM CENTRAL STATION 293 //

14.5 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL PLANNING 295 // 14.5.1 National Physical Planning Agency of the Netherlands 295 // 14.5.2 Geodatasenteret A.S., Norway 297 // 14.ó GLOBAL RESOURCE INFORMATION DATABASE (GRID) 298 // References 303 // Index 315 // Advertisements 321