Part I Introduction // 1 Learning: From Speculation to Science 3 // Part II Learners and Learning // 2 How Experts Differ from Novices 31 // 3 Learning and Transfer 51 // 4 How Children Learn 79 // 5 Mind and Brain 114 // Partlll Teachers and Teaching // 6 The Design of Learning Environments 131 // 7 Effective Teaching: Examples in History, Mathematics, and Science 155 // 8 Teacher Learning 190 // 9 Technology to Support Learning 206 // Part IV Future Directions for the Science of Learning // 10 Conclusions 233 // 11 Next Steps for Research 248 // References 283 // Biographical Sketches of Committees’ Members and Staff 349 Acknowledgments 358 // Index // 363