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Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons, c2003

xxxvi,679 s. : il.

ISBN 0-471-35923-8 (váz.)

Další údaj z obálky: with a foreword by Michael F. Goodchild

Obsahuje ilustrace, bibliografické citace, resumé, úvod, předmluvu, rejstřík, údaje o autorech

Internet (síť) - systémy informační geografické - pojednání

Systémy informační geografické - Internet - pojednání

000041085

Foreword xxv // Preface // Acknowledgments xxxv // 1 GIS, INTERNET GIS, AND DISTRIBUTED GISERVICES 1 // 1.1 Impacts of the Internet on GIS 2 // 1.2 GIS Technology: From Centralized GISystems to Distributed GIServices 5 // 1.3 What Is Distributed GIS? 10 // 1.3.1 Distributed GIS Is an Integrated Client/Server Computing System 12 // 1.3.2 Distributed GIS Is a Web-Based Interactive System 13 // 1.3.3 Distributed GIS Is a Distributed and Dynamic System 13 // 1.3.4 Distributed GIS Is Cross-Platform and Interoperable 14 // 1.4 Why Do We Need Distributed GIS? 15 // 1.4.1 Uniqueness of Geographic Information on the Internet 15 // 1.4.2 Why Do We Need Distributed GIS? 16 // 1.4.2.1 Management Perspective 17 // 1.4.2.2 User Perspective 17 // 1.4.2.3 Implementation Perspective 19 // 1.5 Basic Components of Distributed GIS 20 // 1.5.1 Basic Components of Internet GIS 20 // 1.5.1.1 The Client 21 // 1.5.1.2 Web Server and Application Server 22 // 1.5.1.3 Map Server 22 // 1.5.1.4 Data Server 23 // 1.5.2 Basic Components of Mobile GIS 23 // 1.5.2.1 Mobile Device Clients 23 // 1.5.2.2 Wireless Communication Networks 24 // 1.5.2.3 Gateway Services 24 // 1.5.2.4 Internet GIS Servers 24 // 1.6 Applications of Distributed GIS 25 // 1.6.1 Data Sharing 25 // 1.6.2 Geospatial Information Disseminations 26 // 1.6.3 Online Data Processing 26 // 1.6.4 Location-Based Services 29 // 1.6.5 Distributed GIS and Intelligent Transportation Systems 29 // 1.7 Where Do I Start? 31 Web Resources 33 References 33 // 2 NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET GIS // 2.1 Introduction to Network Environments 37 // 2.1.1 Internet GIS Application Scenario 37 // 2.1.2 Traditional GISystems Solution 38 // 2.1.3 Internet GIServices Solution 38 // 2.1.4 Network Environments 40 // 2.2 Network Communication Models 44 // 2.2.1 OSI Model 45 // 2.2.1.1 Application Layer 46 // 2.2.1.2 Presentation Layer 46 //

2.2.1.3 Session Layer 47 // 2.2.1.4 Transport Layer 47 // 2.2.1.5 Network Layer 47 // 2.2.1.6 Data Link Layer 49 // 2.2.1.7 Physical Layer 51 // 2.2.1.8 Relationships among OSI Model Layers 51 // 2.2.2 TCP/IP Reference Model 51 // 2.2.2.1 Application Layer 52 // 2.2.2.2 Transport Layer 53 2.223 Internetwork Layer 54 // 2.2.2.4 Network Access Layer 54 // 2.3 Protocols 54 // 2.3.1 Transmission Control Protocol 56 // 2.3.2 Internet Protocol 56 // 2.3.3 Network Setting 59 // 2.4 Information Exchange Process between Two Computers 60 // 2.5 Information Communications in LANs 62 // 2.5.1 LAN Architectures 63 // 2.5.1.1 Ethernet 64 // 2.5.1.2 Ethernet Performance and High-Speed Ethernet 67 // 2.5.1.3 Gigabit Ethernet 68 // 2.5.1.4 10 Gigabit Ethernet 69 // 2.5.1.5 Token Ring 70 // 2.5.2 Components of LANs 73 // 2.5.3 Wireless LANs 73 // 2.5.3.1 IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs 74 // 2.5.3.2 HIPERLAN: High-Performance European Radio LAN 74 // 2.5.3.3 Bluetooth 75 // 2.6 Information Communications in WANs 75 // 2.6.1 Circuit-Switched WANs 77 // 2.6.1.1 Analog Connectivity 77 // 2.6.1.2 Digital Connectivity 80 // 2.6.1.3 ?-Carrier Service 81 // 2.6.2 Packet-Switched WANs 82 // 2.6.2.1 X.25 82 // 2.6.2.2 Frame Relay 82 // 2.6.2.3 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 83 // 2.6.2.4 Fiber-Distributed Data Interface 83 // 2.6.2.5 Synchronous Optical Network 84 // 4.3.5 XEROX Map Viewer Example 174 // 4.3.6 Map Servers and Other Server-Side Applications 175 // 4.4 Interactive Web Mapping 176 // 4.4.1 Interactive Viewers 177 // 4.4.1.1 DHTML Viewer 178 // 4.4.1.2 Plug-In Viewer 179 // 4.4.1.3 Java Applet Viewers 180 // 4.4.1.4 ActiveX Viewer 183 // 4.4.2 Server-Side CGI Extensions 186 // 4.4.2.1 Servlets 186 // 4.4.2.2 Active Server Page 188 // 4.4.2.3 ColdFusion 188 // 4.5 OpenGIS WMS Implementation Interface Specifications 189 // 4.5.1 Background and Overview 191 //

4.5.2 WMS Architecture 192 // 4.5.2.1 WMS Specifications for the Picture Case 194 // 4.5.2.2 WMS Specifications for the Graphic Element Case 198 // 4.5.2.3 WMS Specifications for the Data Case 201 // Web Resources 204 // References 205 // 5 FRAMEWORK OF DISTRIBUTED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SERVICES 207 // 5.1 Introduction 207 // 5.1.1 Basic Requirements of Distributed GIS 208 // 5.1.2 Why We Need Distributed GIS 209 // 5.1.3 Components, Interfaces, and Services 209 // 5.2 Basic Components and Service Requirements of Distributed GIS 211 // 5.2.1 What Are Distributed Components? 211 // 5.2.2 Basic Components of Distributed GIS 212 // 5.3 Architecture Models of Distributed GIS 214 // 5.3.1 Distributed Web Mapping Architecture from OGC 216 // 5.3.2 Restricted Distributed GIS Framework 218 // 5.3.3 Open Distributed GIS Architecture 220 // 5.4 Component Functions in a Distributed GIS Framework 223 // 5.4.1 Presentation Components 223 // 5.4.2 Logic Components 224 // 5.4.2.1 Web Server 226 // 5.4.2.2 Map Server 226 // 5.4.2.3 Application (Middleware) Services 227 // 5.4.2.4 Spatial Reference Services 229 // 5.4.2.5 Catalog Services 230 // 5.4.3 Data Component 230 // 5.4.3.1 SQL Database Servers 231 // 5.4.3.2 Database Middleware 234 // 5.5 Dynamic Constructions of Distributed GIServices 237 // 5.5.1 Design of Dynamic GIServices Architecture 237 // 5.5.2 Flexible Thin- or Thick-Client Model in Distributed GIS Environment 238 // 5.5.3 Network Strategies for Constructing Dynamic GIServices 241 // 5.5.3.1 Two Scenarios for Distributed GIS Component Access 243 // 5.5.3.2 Two Scenarios for Distributed Geodata Object Access 245 // 5.5.4 An Implementation Example Using the CORBA/Java Model 246 // 5.6 Summary of Distributed GIS Architecture 251 Web Resources 254 // References 255 // 6 STANDARDS FOR DISTRIBUTED GISERVICES 257 // 6.1 OpenGIS Specification 257 //

6.1.1 OpenGIS Abstract Specification 259 // 6.1.2 OpenGIS Implementation Specifications 261 // 6.1.3 OpenGIS Standard in Practice 262 // 6.1.3.1 Geodata Model 262 // 6.1.3.2 OpenGIS Services Architecture 263 // 6.1.3.3 Information Communities Model 265 // 6.2 The ISO/TC 211 and Its ISO Standards 266 // 6.2.1 ISO 19101: Reference Model 271 // 6.2.2 ISO Geospatial Data Model 273 // 6.2.3 ISO Standard in Practice 274 // 6.3 Comparison between OGC and ISO/TC 211 277 // 6.4 Development of Geospatial Metadata Standards 282 // 6.4.1 Introduction to Geospatial Metadata and FGDC Metadata Standards 282 // 6.4.2 ISO Standard for GIS Metadata 286 // 6.4.3 Object-Oriented Metadata Framework 289 // 6.4.3.1 Design of Operational Metadata for Geodata Objects 291 // 6.4.3.2 Design of GIS Component Metadata 292 // 6.5 Discussion 294 // Web Resources 295 References 295 // 7 GEOGRAPHY MARKUP LANGUAGE 298 // 7.1 Introduction: Problems of Spatial Information Discovery, Display, and Exchange over the Web 298 // 7.1.1 Problems 299 // 7.1.1.1 Spatial Information Discovery 299 // 7.1.1.2 Spatial Data Display on the Web 299 // 7.1.1.3 Data Integration and Exchange 299 // 7.1.1.4 Causes of the Problem 299 // 7.1.2 Limitations of HTML 301 // 7.1.3 Current and Potential Solutions 305 // 7.1.3.1 Standardized Metadata 305 // 7.1.3.2 XML Approach 305 // 7.2 What Is GML? 306 // 7.2.1 GML Is a Means to Encode Geospatial Data 306 // 7.2.2 GML Is a Means to Transport Geospatial Data over the

Web 307 // 7.2.3 GML Is a Means to Store Geospatial Data 308 // 7.2.4 GML Is NOT a Presentation Language for Data Display 308 // 7.2.5 GML Is NOT a Programming Language for Data Processing 309 // 7.3 Characteristics of GML 310 // 7.3.1 Text-Based, Open, and Nonproprietary 310 // 7.3.2 Extensible Elements 311 // 7.3.3 Strict, Expandable, and Enforceable Hierarchy Structure 311 // 7.3.4 Separation of Structure from Presentation 311 // 7.3.5 Separation of Content from Relationships 313 // 7.3.6 Interoperable GML-Based Services 314 // 7.4 Markup Basics of GML 314 // 7.4.1 Basic Building Blocks: Elements, Attributes, and Values 315 // 7.4.2 XML Declaration and Comments 317 // 7.5 Simple Feature Data Model Used in GML 317 // 7.6 Document-Type Definitions in GML 1.0 319 // 7.6.1 Element Declarations 320 // 7.6.2 Attribute Declarations 320 // 7.6.3 Shortcomings of DTD 321 // 7.7 GML Schemata in GML 2.0 321 // 7.7.1 Element and Attribute Declarations in an XML Schema 324 // 7.7.2 Simple Element Types 324 // 7.7.3 Complex Element Types 327 // 7.7.3.1 Element-Only Type 327 // 7.7.3.2 Text-Only Elements 328 // 7.7.3.3 Empty Elements 329 // 7.7.3.4 Mixed Elements 330 // 7.7.4 Namespaces 330 // 7.7.5 Referencing to Different XML Schemata Using Namespace 333 // 7.7.6 Encoding Features without Geometry in GML 2.0 335 // 7.8 Geometry Schema in GML 2.0 337 // 7.8.1 Encoding Coordinates 338 // 7.8.2 Geometry Elements 339 // 7.8.3 Primitive Geometry Elements 340 // 7.8.4 Geometry Collections 345 // 7.8.5 Encoding Features with Geometry 347 // 7.9 XLink Schema in GML 2.0 349 // 7.9.1 Basic Concepts in XLink 350 // 7.9.2 XLink Element Types and Attributes 350 // 7.9.3 Simple Links 352 // 7.9.4 Extended Links 354 // 7.9.5 Use XLink to Encode Feature Collections 359 // 7.9.6 Use XLink to Encode Feature Associations 361 // 7.10 Making Use of GML Data on the Web 364 //

7.10.1 Making Vector Maps on the Web with GML Data 365 // 7.10.2 GML Web Applications 368 // 7.10.3 Extracting Features from GML Documents 369 // 11 Summary: GML and Internet GIS 372 Web Resources 374 References 374 // 8 COMMERCIAL WEB MAPPING PROGRAMS 377 // 8.1 Introduction 377 // 8.2 ArcIMS from ESRI 378 // 8.2.1 Three-Tier Architecture Overview 378 // 8.2.2 ArcIMS Components in the Business Logic Tier 381 // 8.2.2.1 Web Servers 382 // 5.2.2.2 ArcIMS Application Server 382 // 8.2.2.3 ArcIMS Application Server Connectors 383 // 8.2.2.4 Additional Processes on the Server 384 // 8.2.2.5 ArcIMS Spatial Servers 384 // 8.2.2.6 ArcIMS Spatial Server Instances 386 // 5.2.2.7 Map Services 386 // 8.2.2.8 ArcIMS Virtual Servers 387 // 5.2.2.9 Assigning User Requests to Spatial Server Instances 388 // 8.2.3 ArcIMS Components: Data Sources 389 // 8.2.4 ArcIMS Components: Client Viewers 392 // 8.2.4.1 ArcIMS Standard Viewers 392 // 8.2.4.2 ArcIMS Custom-Built Viewers 394 // 8.2.5 ArcIMS Manager 399 // 8.2.5.1 ArcIMS Author 399 // 8.2.5.2 ArcIMS Designer 399 // 8.2.5.3 ArcIMS Administrator 399 // 8.2.6 ArcIMS Summary 401 // 8.3 GeoMedia WebMap Professional from Intergraph 403 // 8.3.1 Architectural Overview of GeoMedia WebMap Professional 403 // 8.3.2 Viewer Clients for GeoMedia WebMap Professional 404 // 8.3.3 Server Components of GeoMedia WebMap Professional 405 // 8.3.4 Database Management Components 407 // 8.3.5 Communication Process of GeoMedia WebMap Professional 409 // 8.3.6 Creating a Web Application 412 // 8.3.7 Summary 414 // 8.4 MapXtreme from Maplnfo 414 // 8.4.1 MapXtreme Architecture 414 // 8.4.2 MapXtreme Java Components 415 // 8.4.2.1 Map Server: MapXtremeServlet 415 // 5.4.2.2 Map Server Client: MapJ Object 416 // 8.4.2.3 Map Rendering: Renderers 416 // 5.4.2.4 Data Connection: Data Providers 417 // 8.4.2.5 MapXtreme Communications: Maplnfo Enterprise XML Protocol 418 //

8.4.3 MapXtreme Partitions 419 // 8.4.3.1 Thin Client: Three-Tier Configuration 419 // 8.4.3.2 Thick Client: Two-Tier Configuration 421 // 8.4.3.3 Medium Client: Two-Tier Hybrid Configuration 422 // 8.4.4 Enterprise Manager 423 // 8.4.5 Summary 424 // 8.5 MapGuide from Autodesk 425 // 8.5.1 MapGuide Architecture Overview 425 // 8.5.2 MapGuide Components: Map-Authoring Components 427 // 8.5.2.1 Autodesk MapGuide Author 427 // 8.5.2.2 Dynamic Authoring Toolkit 428 // 8.5.2.3 SDP Loader 429 // 5.5.2.4 SDF Component Toolkit 429 // 8.5.3 MapGuide Components: Map-Viewing Components 429 // 8.5.4 MapGuide Components: Map-Serving Components 430 // 8.5.4.1 Web Server 432 // 8.5.4.2 Map Agents 432 // 8.5.4.3 Autodesk MapGuide Server 434 // 8.5.4.4 Autodesk MapGuide Server Administrator 434 // 8.5.5 MapGuide Components: Data Sources and Database Connections 434 // 8.5.6 MapGuide Application Development 436 // 8.5.7 How MapGuide Communicates 437 // 8.5.8 Summary 438 // 8.6 Conclusion 444 Web Resources 445 References 446 // 9 MOBILE GIS 447 // 9.1 Business Case for Mobile GIS 448 // 9.1.1 User Scenario 449 // 9.1.1.1 Traditional GIS Solution 449 // 9.1.1.2 Mobile GIS Solution 450 // 9.1.2 Mobile GIS for Field Work 453 // 9.1.3 Mobile GIS for Location-Based Services 453 // 9.2 Wireless Environment for Mobile GIS 454 // 9.2.1 Hand-Held Mobile Devices 455 // 9.2.2 Wireless Voice and Data Networks 457 // 9.2.2.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks 458 // 9.2.2.2 Basics of Cellular Networks 459 // 9.2.2.3 Data Transmission in PCSs (2G and IViG) 462 // 9.2.2.4 Third-Generation Systems 465 // 9.2.3 Wireless Web 467 // 9.2.3.1 C-HTML 468 // 9.2.3.2 Web Clipping 468 // 9.2.3.3 MExE 469 // 9.2.3.4 HDML 469 // 9.2.3.5 WML 469 // 9.2.3.6 XHTML Mobile Profile Markup Language (XHTMLMP) 470 // 9.2.3.7 WAP 470 // 9.2.4 Operating Systems for Mobile GIS Applications 470 // 9.2.4.1 PalmOS 470 //

9.2.4.2 WinCE 471 // 9.3 General System Architecture of Mobile GIS 472 // 9.3.1 Major Components of Mobile GIS 473 // 9.3.1.1 Position-Determining Components 473 // 9.3.1.2 Location Information Components 474 // 9.3.1.3 Information Processing Service Components 474 // 9.3.1.4 Gateway Service Components 476 // 9.3.1.5 Wireless Network Components 476 // 9.3.1.6 Internet-Enabled Mobile Devices 476 // 9.3.2 Generic Architecture of Mobile GIS 476 // 9.4 Samples of Mobile GIS Programs 480 // CONTENTS XiX // 9.4.1 MapXtend from Maplnfo 480 // 9.4.1.1 MapXtend Client 481 // 9.4.1.2 MapXtend Server 482 // 9.4.1.3 Databases Supported 484 // 9.4.1.4 Information Flow inside MapXtend 484 // 9.4.1.5 MapXtend Administrator 485 // 9.4.2 IntelliWhere LocationServer from Intergraph 485 // 9.4.2.1 Functions and Features of IntelliWhere LocationServer 485 // 9.4.2.2 Architecture and Main Components of IntelliWhere LocationServer 486 // 9.4.3 ArcPad from ESRI 488 // 9.4.4 OnSite from Autodesk 490 // 9.5 Applications of Mobile GIS 492 // 9.5.1 Mobile GIS Applications for Fieldwork 493 // 9.5.1.1 Field Data Collections and Validations 493 // 9.5.1.2 Incident Investigation and Site Analysis 493 // 9.5.1.3 Real-Time Work Order Management and Dispatch 494 // 9.5.1.4 Real-Time Responses to Customer Service Requests 495 // 9.5.2 Location-Based Services for Consumers 495 // 9.5.2.1 Location-Based Services for Vehicle Drivers 495 // 9.5.2.2 Tracking 496 // 9.5.2.3 Traffic Monitoring 497 // 9.5.2.4 Real-Time Bus Location Information Systems 497 // Web Resources 498 References 498 // 10 QUALITY OF SERVICE AND SECURITY ISSUES IN DISTRIBUTED GIS 500 // 10.1 Introduction 500 // 10.2 Performance 501 // 10.2.1 What Is Performance? 501 // 10.2.2 Client Performance 503 // 10.2.3 Server Performance 504 // 10.2.4 Networking Performance 505 // 10.2.5 Overall System Performance 507 //

10.3 Service Reliability 510 // 10.3.1 A Measure of Reliability: Availability 510 // 10.3.2 Increasing System Availability 512 // 10.4 User Interactivity and Functionality Support 512 // 10.5 Portability 516 // 10.6 Security 517 // 10.6.1 Security Issues in the Server 519 // 10.6.2 Security Issues in the Client 522 // 10.6.2.1 Security Issues in Plug-Ins and ActiveX Controls 523 // 10.6.2.2 Security Issues in Java Applets 524 // 10.6.2.3 Privacy and Security Issues in Cookies 525 // 10.6.3 Security Issues in the Network: Eavesdropping 526 // 10.6.3.1 Private Key Encryption 527 // 10.6.3.2 Public Key Encryption 527 // 10.6.4 Implementation of Countermeasures 528 // 10.7 Conclusion 530 Web Resources 532 References 532 // 11 DISTRIBUTED GIS IN DATA WAREHOUSING AND DATA SHARING 534 // 11.1 Introduction 534 // 11.2 Accessing Geospatial Data over the Internet: Browsing or Searching 535 // 11.2.1 Index and Catalog Geospatial Information 537 // 11.2.2 Metadata Catalog Services 537 // 11.2.3 Efficient Search Mechanism 538 // 11.2.4 Geospatial Data Transfer and Distributions 539 // 11.2.5 Data Discovery Client 539 // 11.3 National and Global Spatial Data Infrastructure 541 // 11.3.1 Geospatial Data Clearinghouse Activity 542 // 11.3.2 Framework of GDCA 544 // 11.3.2.1 Metadata Requirements in GDCA 544 // 11.3.2.2 GDCA Search Engine: Z39.50 545 // 11.3.2.3 Architecture of GDCA 545 // 11.3.2.4 User Interface of GDCA 549 // 11.3.2.5 Limitations of GDCA 550 // 11.4 Geography Network and g.net 551 // 11.5 Samples of Other Geospatial Data Providers 553 // 11.5.1 U.S. National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) 553 // 11.5.2 NASA’S Terra Sensors Data Services 556 // 11.5.3 Data Services at NASA’s Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs) 557 // 11.5.4 USGS Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center 558 // 11.5.5 TerraServer 558 // 11.5.6 Space Imaging 560 //

11.5.7 American FactFinder: U.S. Census Bureau 560 // 11.6 Conclusions and Summary 562 Web Resources 563 References 564 // 12 INTERNET GIS APPLICATIONS IN INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 565 // 12.1 Introduction 565 // 12.2 Review of Transportation Information on the Internet 566 // 12.3 Examples of Internet GIS for Transportation Information Dissemination 572 // 12.3.1 Static Map Service (Level B1 Service) 572 // 12.3.2 Location Maps and Driving Directions (Level Cl Service) 574 // 12.3.3 Real-Time Transportation Information Systems (Level D1 Service) 574 // 12.3.4 Decision-Supporting Trip-Planning Systems (Level D2 Service) 576 // 12.3.5 Traveler Planning with Infopolis 2 (Level D2 Service) 577 // 12.3.5.1 Purpose of Internet GIS 578 // 12.3.5.2 Data Sources 578 // 12.3.5.3 System Operations 578 // 12.4 Architecture of Distributed Transit Information System 580 // 12.4.1 System Components and Implementation 581 // 12.4.2 User Interface Design 581 // 12.4.3 Map Server Function Design 582 // 12.4.4 Data and Database Management Systems 583 // 12.4.5 Network Analysis Component 584 // 12.5 Development of Transit Path-Finding Algorithms 586 // 12.5.1 Schedule-Based Path-Finding Algorithm for Transit Networks 587 // 12.6 Object-Oriented Dynamic Transit Network Model 591 // 12.7 Conclusions 595 // Web Resources 595 // References 595 // 13 INTERNET GIS APPLICATIONS IN PLANNING AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 599 // 13.1 Introduction 599 // 13.2 Case Studies in Infrastructure Planning and Management 600 // 13.2.1 Case Study 1: Facilities Planning for New York State Office of Mental Health (OHM) 600 // 13.2.2 Case Study 2: Asset Management and Transportation Network Planning with Road Management Information System (ARMIS) GIS, Queensland, Australia 601 // 13.2.3 Case Study 3: Transportation, Utility, and Strategic Planning with Property Land Use System (PLUS), Queensland Rail, Queensland, Australia 603 //

13.2.4 Case Study 4: Utilities Planning with Pennsylvania One Call System (POCS) 605 // 13.3 Case Studies in Emergency Planning 606 // 13.3.1 Case Study 5: Emergency Planning with Military Software, Utah Olympic Public Safety Command, Salt Lake City 606 // 13.3.2 Case Study 6: Evacuation Planning with Hurricane Evacuation Decision Support Solution, South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) and Emergency Preparedness Division (EPD) 608 // 13.4 Case Studies in Community Planning 609 // 13.4.1 Case Study 7: Economic Development with Vallejo Economic Development Information System (VEDIS), Vallejo, California 609 // 13.4.2 Case Study 8: Community Development with Enterprise Geographic Information System (EGIS), U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) 611 // 13.4.3 Case Study 9: Land Use Planning and Environmental Impact Assessment with Historical Maps, David Rumsey Collection, San Francisco, California 614 // 13.4.4 Case Study 10: Community Development Planning with Smart Permits Using Sunnyvale Geographic Information System (SunGIS™) in Sunnyvale, California 618 // 13.4.5 Case Study 11: Property Assessment with MapMilwaukee in Milwaukee, Wisconsin 622 // 13.4.6 Case Study 12: Work-in-Progress for Neighborhood Planning for Tampa, Florida 624 // Conclusion 626 Web Resources 628 References 628 // Overview 629 // Future Impact 630 // 14.2.1 Future Impact on the GIS Industry 630 // 14.2.2 Future Impact on Geographers 633 // 14.2.3 Future Impact on the Public 635 // 14.2.3.1 Positive Aspects 635 // 14.2.3.2 Negative Impact 636 Vision of Future Distributed GIS 638 // 14.3.1 What Are GIS Web Services? 640 // 14.3.2 Putting Web Services Together: Web Services Architecture 642 // Alternative Futures 646 // 14.4.1 First Path: Centralized GISystems 647 // 14.4.2 Second Path: Private, Vendor-Specialized GIServices 648 // Conclusion 650 //

Web Resources 653 // References 653 // 14 CONCLUSIONS AND EPILOGUE 629 // Acronyms // Index