.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

(13.5) Půjčeno:26x 

BK

1st ed.

London ; New York : Longman, 1994

xv, 270 s. : il. ; 22 cm

ISBN 0-582-55485-3 (brož.)

Longman linguistics library

Obsahuje bibliografii na s. 225-254 a rejstříky

000042543

Demonstration texts Vili // Acknowledgements xi // ? Foreword xiii // I Basic notions 1 Textuality. The seven standards of textuality: cohesion; coherence; intentionality; acceptability; informativity; situationality; intertextu-ality. Constitutive versus regulative principles: efficiency; effectiveness; appropriateness. Notes 12 // II The evolution of text linguistics H // Historical background of text linguistics: rhetoric; stylistics; literary studies; anthropology; tagmemics; sociology; discourse analysis; functional sentence perspective. Descriptive structural linguistics: system levels; Harris’s discourse analysis; Coseriu’s work on settings; Harweg’s model of substitution; the text as a unit above the sentence. Transformational grammar: proposals of Heidolph and Isenberg; the Konstanz project; Petöfi’s text-structure/world-structure theory; van Dijk’s text grammars; Melcuk’s text-meaning model; the evolving notion of transformation. // Notes 29 // III The procedural approach 31 // Pragmatics. Systems and systemization. Description and explanation . Modularity and interaction. Combinatorial explosion. Text as a procedural entity. Processing ease and processing depth. Thresholds of termination. Virtual and actual systems. Cybernetic // Procedural attachment. Pattern-matching. Phases of text production: planning; ideation; development; expression; parsing; linearization and adjacency. The phases of text reception: parsing; concept recovery; idea recovery; plan recovery. Reversibility of production and reception Sources for procedural models: artificial intelligencecognitive psychology; operation types. // Notes 45 //

IV Cohesion // The function of syntax. The surface text in active storage. Closely-mt patterns: phrase, clause, and sentence. Augmented transition networks. Grammatical dependencies. Rules as procedures Micro-states and macro-states. Hold stack. Re-using patterns recurrence; partial recurrence; parallelism; paraphrase. Compacting patterns: pro-forms; anaphora and cataphora; ellipsis; trade-off between conipactness and clarity. Signalling relations: tense and aspect updating; junction: conjunction, disjunction, contrajunction // tonatUb0rdmatl0n; m0clallty’ Functional sentence perspective. // Notes // V Coherence // Meaning versus sense. Non-determinacy, ambiguity, and poly-vaienee. Continuity of senses. Textual worlds. Concepts and relations. Strength of linkage: determinate, typical, and accidental knowledge. Decomposition. Procedural semantics. Activation. Chunks and global patterns. Spreading activation. Episodic and semantic memory. Economy. Frames, schemas, plans, and scripts. Inhentance. Pnmary and secondary concepts. Operators. Building a text-world model. Inferencing. The world-knowledge correlate. Reference. // Notes // no // VI Intentionality and acceptability // Intentionahty. Reduced cohesion. Reduced coherence The notion of intention across the disciplines. Speech act theory. Performatives Gnce’s conversational maxims: co-operation, quantity, quality, relation, and manner. The notions of action and discourse action Plans and goals. Scripts. Interactive planning. Monitoring and mediation. Acceptability. Judging sentences. Relation-andPgoal7een aCCeptabUity and grammaticality. Acceptance of plans // Notes //

VII Informativity // Attention. Information theory. The Markov chain. Statistic versus contextual probability. Three orders of informativity. // Triviality, defaults, and preferences. Upgrading and downgrading. Discontinuities and discrepancies. Motivation search. Directionality. Strength of linkage. Removal and restoration of stability. Classifying expectations: the real world; facts and beliefs; normal ordering strategies; the organization of language; surface formatting; text types; immediate context. Negation. Definiteness. A newspaper article and a sonnet. Expectations on multiple levels. Motivations of non-expectedness. // Notes l6l // VIII Situationality 163 // Situation models. Mediation and evidence. Monitoring versus managing. Dominances. Noticing. Normal ordering strategies. Frequency. Salience. Negotiation. Exophora. Managing. Plans and scripts. Planboxes and planbox escalation. A trade-off between efficiency and effectiveness. Strategies for monitoring and managing a situation. // Notes 18o //

IX Intertextuality 182 // Text types versus linguistic typology. Functional definitions: descriptive, narrative, and argumentative texts; literary and poetic texts; scientific and didactic texts. Using and referring to well-known texts. The organization of conversation. Problems and variables. Monitoring and managing. Reichman’s coherence relations. Discourse-world models. Recalling textual content. Effects of the schema. Trace abstraction, construction, and reconstruction. Inferencing and spreading activation. Mental imagery and scenes. Interactions between text-presented knowledge and stored world-knowledge. Textuality in recall experiments. // Notes 206 // X Research and schooling 209 // Cognitive science: the skills of rational human behaviour; language and cognition. Defining intelligence. Texts as vehicles of science. Sociology. Anthropology. Psychiatry and consulting psychology. Reading and readability. Writing. Literary studies: de-automatization; deviation; generative poetics; literary criticism as downgrading. Translation studies: literal and free translating; equivalence of experience; literary translating. Contrastive linguistics. Foreign-language teaching. Semiotics. Computer science and artificial intelligence. Understanding understanding. // Notes 221 // Table of abbreviations for references // References // Index of names // Index of important terms