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BK

Harmondsworth : Penguin, 1971

267 s. ; 19 cm

ISBN 0140213325

Pelican original

Pelican books

000054706

Contents // Preface 7 // 1. Why Study Language? 9 // 2. Traditional Approaches to Language Study 37 // 3. Linguistic Science 77 Interlude: An Example 128 // 4. Major Themes in Linguistics 142 Origins 142 // Comparative Philology 145 Saussure 158 Phonetics 167 Phonology 173 Morphology 187 ‘Surface’ Syntax 199 ‘Deep’ Syntax 213 Semantics 231 Language? 239 Envoi 243 Appendix 245 // 5. Linguistics and Other Fields 248 // Further Reading 260 // Person Index 261 // Subject Index 263 // Person Index // Aelfric, 45 Ajdukiewicz, 245 Aristotle, 51 // Bar Hillel, 245 Becanus, 48 Bell, 167 // Bloomfield, 180, 185, 203-10, 231 // Boas, 144 // Bopp, 147-8 // Brondal, 246 // Bühler, 246 // Chomsky, 36, 55-6, 103-11, 120, 153, 162, 200, 208, 211-12, 213, 217-31, 235-6, 254 Coeurdoux, 147 Courtenay, 178 // Darwin, 153 Descartes, 56 Dewey, 125 Donatus, 51 Dryden, 53 // Eliot, 15, 107 Elyot, 52-3 // Gleason, 210 Graves, 31 Grimm, 148, 154 // Halliday, 141, 214-16, 218, 246 // Harris, 204, 209 // Herodotus, 46 // Herriott, 258 // Hill, 210 // Hjelmslev, 246 // Hockett, 210 // Homer, 50 // Humboldt, 153 // Hymes, 258 // Jakobson, 161, 180, 187, 246-7 James IV, 47 Jespersen, 144, 154 Jones, Daniel, 60 Jones, Sir William, 147 Joos, 180, 210 // Kemke, 48 Kerlinger, 88, 113 Korzybski, 232 Koutsoudas, 221 // Lamb, 186, 216, 246 Langacker, 221 Leibniz, 56 Lenneberg, 258 Lepschy, 245 Lyons, 221 // Fillmore, 236-8 Firbas, 247 Firth, 187, 245-6 Fishman, 258 Frederick II, 47 Fries, 102, 204, 210

Malinowski, 43 // 262 Person Index // Martinet, 247 Mathesius, 247 McCawley, 234, 238 McIntosh, 215 Miller, 258 Müller, 153 // Nagel, ?? // Ogden, 232 // Palmer, 144 Panini, 44 Pike, 186, 213-14 Plato, 50-51, 231 Priscian, 51 // Psammetichus, 46-7, 161 // Rask, 147-8 Richards, 232 Richelieu, 53 Robins, 41, 245 // Samarin, 137 // Sapir, 49, 67, 72, 144, 152, 179, 232 // Saussure, 144-5, 153, 155-6, 158-66, 178, 215, 246-7 Schlegel, 152 Schleicher, 153-4 Smith, Frank, 258 Smith, Henry Lee, 209 Steele, 60 Strevens, 215 Sweet, 144, 167 // Träger, 209-10, 213 Trubetskoy, 179, 246 Tutivillius, 52 // Ullman, 232 // Vachek, 247 , // Varro, 51 Vemer, 155 Vickers, 16-17 // Whorf, 232 Wulfila, 45 Whitney, 48 // Subject Index // Académie, 53 accent, 33-5, 62-3, 242-3 acceptability, 66, 81, 101, 110-11, 136-7 // acoustic, 170, 174, 181 active/passive, 29-30, 206-7, 228 adequacy, 219 adjective comparison, 195 adjective order, 128-41, 223 adverbs, 58-9, 75, 79, 87, 98 affixation, 152, 192 agglutinative, 152, 191-2, 198 allomorph, 195-7 allophone, 177 // ambiguity, 15, 18, 211-12, 241 American Indian languages, 123, 143-4, 168 analogy, 71, 155 analytic, 152 Arabic, 45 // armchair grammarian, 65 articulation, 84, 170-72, 181 Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, 103-5, 225, 229-30, 234, 236, 257 // aspiration, 84, 171 auditory, 170 Aveyron, 47 axiom, 116 // behaviourism, 77, 121, 231, 256 Benedictine Rule, 52 bilabial, 171 bilingualism, 253 // case, 69-70 see noun grammar, 236-8 category, 214-15

Chinese, 45,-48 clause, 200-201 clear and dark 1, 176-7 cognate, 148 collocation, 141 communication, 14-19, 49, 239 comparative philology, 49, 145-58 competence, 104-5, 113, 121-2, 145, 161-2, 219, 225, 256 componential analysis, 234 concreteness, 93-4 connotations, 15-16, 18 consistency, 90-91 controllability, 95-6, 111, 137-8 controversy, 66, 85-6 Copenhagen, 166, 246 corpus, 102-7, 113, 136, 219, 223 Cratylus, 50 criteria, 80-83, 93, 204 // decision procedure, 120 deep structure, 212, 218, 226, 230, 234-5, 238 dental, 172 derivation, 227 description, 90-91, 93, 118 deviance, 222, 243 device, 224 // diachronic, 159-61, 247 dialectology, 158 dialects, 61, 143, 158, 163, 169 dictionaries, 53, 233 // 264 Subject Index // disambiguating, 212 discourse, 201-2 distinctive features, 180-82 double negative, 70 // eclecticism, 250 elliptical sentences, 58 elocution, 34 emic/etic, 183-7 emphasis, 135, 191 empirical, 55, 99, 101, 105-11, 132, 153, 209 Esperanto, 56 état de langue, 159 ethnolinguistics, 252 etymological fallacy, 63 etymology, 12, 48, 50, 145, 149 evaluation, 118-20 evolution, 153-4 exceptions, 140 exhaustiveness, 119 experimental design, 138 explanation, 113-14 explicitness, 78-87, 221-3 // field, 214 // Firthian, 245-6 // formal (v. semantic), 208-10 // formality, 24, 60-61 // formalization, 220 // formatives, 114 // French Linguistic Circle, 166 // fricative, 172 // function, 208 // functional sentence perspective, 247 // genealogical, 152 generative, 224 see grammar

glossematics, 216, 246 Gothic, 45 grammar applicational, 245 case, 236-8 categoria!, 245 deep, 212, 218 // generative, 103-14,120-21,181-2, 217-31, 256 finite-state, 221 phrase structure, 226-30 ‘philosophical’, 55, 143 scale and category, 214-16 stratificational, 216 systemic, 215, 218 traditional, 40, 58-76, 96, // 130-31, 144, 209, 222-3 transformational, 219, 221, 228-30 // grammaticality, 221-3 Greeks, 50-54, 62, 71 group, 215 // h dropping, 65-6 Hebrew, 47-8 homo loquens, 109, 251 hypotheses, 94-100, 114, 125 // idiolect, 163 imitation, 47, 256 immediate constituent analysis, 203-7, 211-12 // indeterminacy, 65-6, 89, 220 Indo-European, 150, 153-4, 156-8, 164 // inflection, 69, 152, 154 informants, 86, 111, 137-8 innateness, 121-2, 256-7 interference, 254 // International Phonetic Alphabet, // 83, 167, 172 interpretative, 230 intonation, 133-6, 184 ‘listing’, 135-6 // intuition, 66, 101, 105-11, 131-2, 136, 138, 209 isolating, 152 // item and arrangement, 199 item and process, 199 // Kinesic, 240 Koran, 45 // Subject Index 265 // labiodental, 172 lang age, 161-2 language // acquisition, 121-2, 255-7 and aesthetics, 34, 62-3, 247 and literature, 30-31, 52, 62, 247, 252 and logic, 55, 70 and philosophy, 50-56 and mythology, 41-4 and religion, 41-6 and thought, 36, 232 animal, 239-40 authorities in, 70-71 change, 35, 64-5, 145-58 complexity of, 71, 138, 156, 240, 248-9, 255 // creativity in, 104, 219 definition of, 161, 239-43 families, 150-52, 154, 156-7 functions of,

14-15, 239-43 homogeneity in, 30, 35, 61-2, 85-7, 137 k // obscurity in, 26-7 origins of, 46-9, 63-4, 67, 150, 156 // pathology, 12-14 primitiveness in, 49, 71-2, 156 purity in, 33, 53, 62, 147 regularity in, 50, 54, 71, 196-7 standards, 52-3, 62-3, 253 teaching, 19-30, 52-4, 249-50, 258 // langue, 161-4, 178-9 Latin, 21-2, 51-3, 55, 59, 64, 69, 143, 149 // levels, 51, 115, 182-3, 209-10 lexeme, 186-7 lexicography, 233 linguist, 36 // Linguistic Society of Paris, 48 linguistic // data, 85-7, 101-2, 105-11, 113-14, 124, 131 evidence, 95, 99, 105-11 // Journals, 247 // procedures, 25, 88-94, 100-101, 123-4, 128-41 schools, 224-5 sciences, 170-71, 183 terminology, 79-83 linguistics // aims of, 112-13, 219-20 and cognitive psychology, 56, 68, 106, 254-5 // and other disciplines, 251-8 anthropological, 111, 123, 144, 188, 234, 252 // applied, 11, 19-36, 248-59 autonomy of, 57, 67-8, 154 comparison in, 87, 91, 93-4, 147-58 // functional, 247 historical, 145-6 origins of, 143-5 scientific methods in, 77-127 logos, 51 // matrices, 214 // meaning, 54-6, 63-4, 74, 139, 143, 164-5, 173-4, 177, 193, 208-12, 218, 226, 229-39, 245-6 // -relations, 206-7, 211, 233, 236-8, 256 // mentalism, 105-12, 121-2, 153, 162, 164, 225, 255-7 metalanguage, 87, 91-2 minimal pair, 100-101, 111, 123-4 missionary activity, 45-6, 143 M.I.T., 217 mobility, 190 // model, 114-16, 199-200, 225, 249 mathematical, 220-21 Modistae, 55 // morpheme, 185, 187-8, 192-9,211 zero-, 197 // morphemic alternants, 195 morphology,

89, 187-99 // 266 Subject Index // \\ // morphophonemics, 182, 199, 229 morphotactics, 199 // nasal, 171 naturalistic, 50 neo-Firthian, 246 neo-grammarian, 155 node, 203 normative, 53 notation, 122-3, 169-70 nouns, 74, 81-2, 124 case in, 21-2, 53, 69-70 number in, 57-8, 82-3, 92, 194-5, 196-7 // objectivity, 78, 99-111 only, 58 ontogeny, 146 oppositions, 179-81 ought, 64 // paradigmatic, 165-6, 215 parole, 161-3, 178-9 parsing, 26, 203 particle, 214 // parts of speech, 51, 74-5, 115, 192, 209 ’ // performance, 104, 145, 162, 219, 223, 225 phone, 178 // phonemes, 101, 121, 168, 175, 177-87, 235 pitch, 184 prosodic, 184 phonetics, 167-72 ‘general’, 175 historical, 148-50 instrumental, 60, 78, 167 phonology, 89, 173-87, 229-30, 234-5, 247 prosodic, 187, 245 phylogeny, 146 plosive, 171 Port-Royal, 55 postulate, 116 // potential pause, 189 Prague School, 166, 179-80, 246-7 prepositions at end of sentences, 24, 53 // prescriptivism, 53, 72-3, 223 primitive (term), 116, 201 printing, 46 projecting, 223 pronouns, 165 proper names, 81 prosodemes, 184 prosodic, 59 // pseudo-problems, 121, 160 psycholinguistics, 46, 110, 254-8 // rationalism, 55-6, 108, 110 realization, 180 reconstruction, 149, 157-8 recursion, 223 rigour, 94-6 Romance, 148-9 romanticism, 48 56 rules, 103-4, 207, 222-3 rewrite-, 227-8 // Sanskrit, 44-5, 147-50, 153 scale, 214-15 rank-, 215 // scientific English, 29-30 scientificness, 78-9, 95, 99, 107-10, 125-7, 146, 155-6 segmental, 184 selectional restrictions, 141

semantic field, 232-3 semantic overlapping, 198 semantics, 89, 231-9 and syntax, 141, 234-9 ‘general’, 232 structural, 233 sememic, 186 semiology, 246 semiotics, 68, 240 semology, 216 // sentence, 79, 189, 200-208, 221, 227-8 // Subject Index 267 // sentence—continued kernel-, 228 sequence, 59 shall! will, 22 sign, 164-6 signifiant/signifié, 164 simplicity, 119 slot and filler, 213 Society, Protection of Letter R, 33 sociolinguistics, 252-4, 257-8 sound-laws, 150, 155 sound-system, 175-8 speech, 132, 143-4 and writing, 22-4, 57-60 standardization, 100-101 Stoics, 51 strata, 216 stress, 58, 133 // structuralism, 102-3, 164-6, 208, 210 // styles, 27-31, 60-61, 73, 93-4, 103, 132, 222, 223-4 stylistics, 30, 252 Summer Institute of Linguistics, 214 // suprasegmental, 184 sutras, 44 // symbols, 78, 84-5, 122-3 synchronic, 159-61 Syntactic Structures, 219, 225-9 syntagmatic, 165-6 syntax deep, 213-31 surface, 199-212, 218 synthetic 152 // system, 163-6, 207-8, 214-16, 247 networks, 215-16 systematicness, 78, 87-99 // tagmemics, 186, 213-14 taxonomic, 217-19 // tense, 96-8 // testability, 94-6, 102, 107, 256 than, 95-6 theorem, 116 theory, 112-26, 191 formal properties of, 116-17 tone-language, 185 toneme, 184-5 // transcription, 83-5, 133, 168-70, 176 // ‘broad’, 179 tree diagram, 203 trivium, 52, 54-5 typological, 152 // universal, 21, 32, 55, 118, 181, 232, 235-6, 256-7 formal and substantive, 236 Ursprache, 154 usage, 72-4, 85-6, 103, 162 utterance, 200-202 // verifiability,

99, 111 Vietnamese, 46 vocal organs, 162 voice quality, 174, 242 voicing, 82-3, 171 // wave, 214 who/whom, 61 word, 188-92, 231 and paradigm, 199 boundaries, 188-9 -classification, 75, 139, 209 power of, 42-4 Works Information, 17 writing, 22-3, 42, 48, 50, 57-60, 143, 157, 168 // zoösemiotics, 240

(OCoLC)292580