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0 (hodnocen0 x )

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BK

New York : McGraw-Hill, 1992

xix, 517 s.

ISBN 0-07-005877-6

000063654

(Sections marked * are optional.) // Preface xvii // Chapter 1 // The Theory of Special Relativity I: The Lorentz // Transformation 1 // 1.1 Introduction 1 // 1.2 Classical Relativity: The Galilean Transformation // Equations 2 // 1.3 Electromagnetic Waves and the Luminiferous Ether 4 // 1.4 The Michelson-Morley Experiment 5 // 1.5 The Theory of Special Relativity 10 // 1.6 The Lorentz Transformations 12 // 1.6(a) Simultaneity, Length Contraction, and Time Dilation 14 // 1.6 (b) The Twin Paradox 19 // 1.6 (c) The Velocity Transformations 21 // 1.7 Consequences of the Lorentz Transformations 22 // 1.7 (a) The Relativistic Doppler Effect 22 // 1.7 (b) Experimental Evidence of Relativistic Kinematics 24 // 1.8 The Relativistic Expressions in the Classical Limit 25 // SUMMARY 26 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 27 // PROBLEMS 27 // Chapter 2 // The Theory of Special Relativity: Relativistic // Dynamics 30 // 2.1 Introduction 30 // 2.2 Relativistic Momentum 31 // 2.3 Energy 34 // 2.4 Relativistic Invariants 38 // 2.5 Force and Acceleration 42 // SUMMARY 45 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 45 // PROBLEMS 46 // Contents // Chapter 3 // *The General Theory of Relativity 48 // 3.1 Introduction 48 // 3.2 The Principle of Equivalence 49 // 3.3 Gravitational Red Shift: Gravitational Time Dilation // and Length Contraction 52 // 3.4 The General Theory of Relativity: Gravitation 56 // 3.5 Predictions of the General Theory of Relativity 56 // SUMMARY 62 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 62 // PROBLEMS 63 // Chapter 4 // Roots of the Quantum Theory 64 // 4.1 Introduction 64 // 4.2 Blackbody Radiation 65 // 4.2(a) Derivation of the Planck Distribution Law 67 // 4.3 Specific Heat 72 // 4.3 (a) Specific Heat of Crystals 72 // 4.3 (b) Specific Heat of Gases 76 // 4.4 The Photoelectric Effect 77 // 4.5 X Rays 80 // 4.6 Compton Scattering 84 // SUMMARY 87 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 88 // PROBLEMS 88 //

Chapter 5 // The Bohr-Rutherford Nuclear Atom 90 // 5.1 Charge and Mass of an Electron 90 // 5.2 Scattering Cross Section 93 // 5.3 Coulomb (Rutherford) Scattering 95 // 5.4 The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 99 // 5.5 The Energy-Level Diagram; Emission and Absorption // of Radiation 103 // 5.6 Characteristic X-Ray Lines 106 // 5.7 The Franck-Hertz Experiment 109 // 5.8 The Correspondence Principle 111 // SUMMARY 112 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 113 // PROBLEMS 113 // Chapter 6 // The Wave Nature of Particles 115 // 6.1 Introduction: The de Broglie Relation 115 // 6.2 Experimental Evidence of Electron Waves 116 // Contents xi // 6.3 Complementarity 119 // 6.4 The Uncertainty Principle 119 // 6.5 The Wave-Particle Duality and Complementarity: // A Gedanken Experiment 125 // SUMMARY 128 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 129 // PROBLEMS 129 // Chapter 7 // The Schrodinger Equation 131 // 7.1 Introduction 131 // 7.2 The One-Dimensional Schrodinger Equation 132 // 7.3 The Time-Independent Schodinger Equation 134 // 7.4 Interpretation of the Wave Function: Probability Density // and Expectation Values 135 // 7.5 Wave Packets: Group and Phase Velocities 137 // 7.6 Particle in a One-Dimensional Square Well 140 // 7.6 (a) Infinite Potential Barriers 140 // 7.6 (b) Finite Potential Barriers 143 // 7.7 Parity 147 // 7.8 Tunneling 148 // 7.9 The Harmonic Oscillator 149 // SUMMARY 155 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 156 // PROBLEMS 156 // Chapter 8 // The Schrodinger Equation in Three Dimensions: // The Hydrogen Atom 159 // 8.1 Introduction 159 // 8.2 Solution of the Schrodinger Equation in Spherical // Coordinates 160 // 8.2 (a) Probability Densities and Expectation Values 162 // 8.3 Angular Momentum in Quantum Mechanics 167 // 8.3 (a) Spatial Quantization 169 // 8.4 Degeneracy 171 // SUMMARY 172 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 173 // PROBLEMS 173 // Chapter 9 // Intrinsic Spin of the Electron 174 //

9.1 The Zeeman Effect and Electron Spin 174 // 9.1 (a) The Zeeman Effect 174 // 9.1 (b) Electron Spin 178 // xii Contents // 9.2 The Pauli Exclusion Principle and the Structure // of Many-Electron Atoms 179 // 9.2 (a) The Ground State of Atoms 180 // 9.2 (b) Relation between Ground-State Configuration and Chemical // and Physical Properties of Atoms 182 // 9.3 Fine Structure, Spin-Orbit Coupling, and the Anomalous // Zeeman Effect 185 // 9.4 The Exclusion Principle and the Symmetry Properties // of Electronic Wave Functions 188 // 9.5 Masers and Lasers 191 // 9.5(a) Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission 191 // 9.5(b) Creating a Population Inversion: Pumping 194 // 9.5(c) Maser and Laser Operation 195 // SUMMARY 199 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 201 // PROBLEMS 201 // Chapter 10 // Molecular Structure and Molecular Spectra 203 // 10.1 Introduction 203 // 10.2 Ionic Bonding 204 // 10.3 Covalent (Homopolar) Bonding 207 // 10.3 (a) The H2+ Ion 208 // 10.3 (b) The H2 Molecule 210 // 10.4 Molecular Energy Levels and Molecular Spectra 212 // 10.4(a) Rotational Energy Levels 212 // 10.4(b) Vibrational Energy Levels 215 // 10.4(c) Molecular Spectra 216 // SUMMARY 221 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 222 // PROBLEMS 223 // Chapter 11 // Statistical Physics 224 // 11.1 Introduction 224 // 11.2 Classical Statistical Physics 224 // 11.3 Quantum Statistical Physics 230 // 11.3(a) Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac Distributions 230 // 11.4 Liquid Helium and Bose-Einstein Condensation 235 // 11.4(a) Bose-Einstein Condensation 240 // SUMMARY 243 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 244 // PROBLEMS 244 // Contents xiii // Chapter 12 // Solid-State Physics I: Structure of Crystalline Solids // and Electron Energy Bands 246 // 12.1 Introduction 246 // 12.2 Cohesive Forces in Crystals 247 // 12.2(a) Ionic Crystals 250 // 12.2(b) Covalent Crystals 252 // 12.2(c) Metallic Crystals 253 // 12.2(d) Molecular Crystals 254 //

12.3 Crystal Defects 255 // *12.3(a) Dislocations; Plastic Deformation and Crystal Growth 256 // 12.3 (b) Point Defects 258 // Impurity Atoms 258 // Vacancies and Interstitials; Solid-State Diffusion 259 // 12.4 The Band Theory 260 // 12.4 (a) Bloch Functions 261 // 12.4 (b) Energy Bands and Effective Masses 262 // 12.5 Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors 264 // *12.A Appendix: The Bloch-Floquet Theorem 268 // *12.B Appendix: Solution of the One-Dimensional Schrödinger // Equation in the Tight-Binding Approximation 269 // SUMMARY 271 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 272 // PROBLEMS 272 // Chapter 13 // Solid-State Physics II: Electronic Properties 274 // 13.1 Introduction 274 // 13.2 Metals 274 // 13.2(a) The Electronic Specific Heat 274 // 13.2(b) Electrical Conductivity 277 // 13.2(c) Thermal Conductivity; the Wiedemann-Franz Law 281 // 13.3 Semiconductors 281 // 13.3 (a) Conductivity 284 // 13.3 (b) The Hall Effect 285 // 13.4 Semiconductor Devices 287 // 13.4(a) p-n Junction Diodes 287 // 13.4(b) Tunnel Diodes 290 // 13.4(c) Transistors 291 // The n-p-n Transistor 291 // Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor // (MOSFET) 292 // 13.4(d) Optical Devices 294 // Photovoltaic Effect 296 // Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and Junction Lasers 297 // xiv Contents // 13.5 Superconductivity 298 // 13.5 (a) Fundamental Properties of Superconductors 298 // 13.5 (b) Superconductor Technology 303 // Josephson Junctions 305 // SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference // Devices) 306 // Josephson Junction Logic Elements 309 // SUMMARY 310 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 312 // PROBLEMS 312 // Chapter 14 // Nuclear Physics I: Properties of Nuclei 315 // 14.1 Introduction 315 // 14.2 Nucleons and Nuclei 318 // 14.2 (a) Composition of Nuclei: Protons and Neutrons 318 // 14.2 (b) Size and Shape of Nuclei 320 // 14.3 Nuclear Force 324 // 14.3(a) Origin of the Nuclear Force; the Exchange Force 326 //

14.4 Stability of Nuclei: Binding Energy 327 // 14.5 The Nuclear Shell Model 333 // *14.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 335 // 14.6 (a) Principles of NMR 335 // 14.6 (b) Energy Absorption and Spin-Lattice Relaxation 337 // 14.6 (c) Nuclear Magnetization and the Dynamics of the // Magnetization Vector 339 // 14.6 (d) Techniques for Observing NMR and Measuring Ti // and T2 342 // 14.6 (e) Some Applications of NMR 346 // SUMMARY 348 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 349 // PROBLEMS 350 // Chapter 15 // Nuclear Physics II: Radioactivity and Nuclear // Reactions 351 // 15.1 Introduction 351 // 15.2 Decay Constant, Half-Life, and Activity 352 // 15.3 Radioactive Decay Processes 361 // 15.3 (a) Alpha Decay 361 // 15.3 (b) Beta Decay 363 // 15.3 (c) Gamma Rays and Nuclear Energy Levels 366 // 15.4 Mossbauer Effect 367 // 15.5 Nuclear Reactions 370 // 15.5(a) Reaction Cross Section 372 // 15.5(b) Nuclear Spectroscopy 373 // 15.5(c) Compound Nucleus 376 // Contents // XV // 15.6 Fission and Fusion 378 // 15.6(a) Fission; Reactors 378 // 15.6 (b) Fusion 385 // *15.7 Applications of Nuclear Physics 389 // 15.7 (a) Radioisotopes in Medicine 389 // Diagnosis 389 // Radioisotopes for Therapy 394 // 15.7 (b) Radioisotopes in Archeology 396 // SUMMARY 402 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 404 // PROBLEMS 404 // Chapter 16 // Instrumentation for Nuclear Research 407 // 16.1 Particle Accelerators 407 // 16.1 (a) Linear Accelerators 407 // 16.1 (b) Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 412 // 16.2 Particle Detectors 420 // SUMMARY 426 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 426 //

PROBLEMS 427 // Chapter 17 // Elementary Particles 428 // 17.1 Introduction 428 // 17.2 Relativistic Quantum Mechanics 429 // 17.3 Classification of Elementary Particles 431 // 17.4 Conservation Laws, Symmetry, and Selection Rules 434 // 17.5 Resonance Particles 438 // 17.6 More About Leptons 439 // 17.7 Quarks 441 // 17.8 Unified Field Theories 447 // SUMMARY 448 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 449 // PROBLEMS 449 // Appendix A // The Fundamental Physical Constants 451 // Appendix B // Table of Isotopes 453 // Appendix C // Nobel Laureates in Physics 492 // Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 497 // Index 501