.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

BK

New York : McGraw-Hill, 1991

xxiii, 755 s.

ISBN 0-07-035583-5

000078529

PREFACE xxi // CHAPTER 1 --The Scientific Method 1 // HOW SCIENTISTS STUDY NATURE 2 // 1-1 The Scientific Method 2 // 1-2 Why Science is Successful 4 // THE SOLAR SYSTEM 5 // 1-3 The Ptolemaic System 5 // 1-4 The Copernican System 6 // 1-5 Kepler’s Laws 9 // 1-6 Why Copernicus Was Right 12 // UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION 12 // 1-7 Isaac Newton 14 // 1-8 What is Gravity? 15 // 1-9 The Tides 16 // 1-10 The Discovery of Neptune 18 // IMPORTANT TERMS 19 // MULTIPLE CHOICE 19 // QUESTIONS 20 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE 20 // V // CONTENTS // CHAPTER 2 // Motion 23 // DESCRIBING MOTION 24 // 2-1 Speed 24 // 2-2 Units 26 // 2-3 Vectors 29 // 2-4 Acceleration 30 // ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY 31 // 2-5 Free Fall 31 // 2-6 Air Resistance 34 // 2-7 Galileo 35 // FORCE AND MOTION 37 // 2-8 First Law or Motion 37 // 2-9 Mass 39 // 2-10 Second Law of Motion 39 // 2-11 Mass and Weight 42 // 2-12 Third Law of Motion 45 // GRAVITATION 47 // 2-13 Circular Motion 47 2-14 Newton’s Law of Gravity 50 2-15 Mass of the Earth 52 // 2-16 Artificial Satellites 53 // MOMENTUM 55 // 2-17 Linear Momentum 56 // 2-18 Rockets 58 // 2-19 Angular Momentum 59 // IMPORTANT TERMS 6l // MULTIPLE CHOICE 62 // QUESTIONS 64 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE // CHAPTER 3 // Energy 69 // WORK 69 // 3*1 The Meaning of Work 70 // 3-2 Power 72 // CONTENTS // ENERGY 73 // 3-3 Kinetic Energy 73 // 3-4 Potential Energy 74 // 3-5 Energy Transformations 76 // 3-6 Conservation of Energy 78 // 3-7 The Nature of Heat 79 // RELATIVITY 79 // 3-7 Special Relativity 80 // 3-8 The Twin Paradox 82 // 3-9 Rest Energy 84 // 3-10 Albert Einstein 85 // ENERGY AND CIVILIZATION 87 // 3-11 The Energy Problem 88 // 3-12 The Future 90 // 3-13 Bridging the Gap 91 // IMPORTANT TERMS 96 MULTIPLE CHOICE 96 QUESTIONS 98 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE 99 // CHAPTER 4 --Matter and Energy 101 // TEMPERATURE AND HEAT 102 // 4-1 Temperature 103 //

4-2 Heat 106 // 4-3 Metabolic Energy 106 // KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER 107 // 4-4 Brownian Movement 107 // 4-5 Pressure 110 // 4-6 The Gas Laws 114 // 4-7 Kinetic Theory of Gases 118 // 4-8 Molecular Motion and Temperature // CHANGES OF STATE 121 // 4-9 Liquids and Solids 122 // 4-10 Evaporation and Boiling 123 // 4-11 Melting 124 // ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS 126 // 4-12 Heat Engines 126 // 4-13 Thermodynamics 128 // 4-14 Fate of the Universe ? // 4-15 Entropy 131 // IMPORTANT TERMS MULTIPLE CHOICE 133 QUESTIONS 135 ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE // 136 // CHAPTER 5 // Electricity and Magnetism // CHARGE 140 // Positive and Negative Charge 5-2 What Is Charge? 142 5-3 Coulomb’s Law 144 // 5-4 Force on an Uncharged Object // ELECTRICITY AND MATTER ,4< // 5-5 Matter in Bulk 147 // 5-6 Conductors and Insulators, // Superconductivity 150 // ELECTRIC CURRENT 150 // 5-8 The Ampere 151 5-9 Potential Difference 152 5-10 Ohm’s Law 154 // 5-? Electrical Safety 15? // 5-12 Electric Power 157 // MAGNETISM 158 // 5-13 Magnets 159 // 5-14 Magnetic Field 161 // 5-15 Oersted’s Experiment 162 // 5-16 Electromagnets 164 // USING MAGNETISM 166 // 5-17 Magnetic Force on a Curre // 5-18 Electric Motors 167 // 5-19 Electric Induction // 5-20 Transformers 171 // 5-21 Tape Recorders 173 // IMPORTANT TERMS 175 // MULTIPLE CHOICE ,76 // QUESTIONS 178 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOI // 166 // 169 // 180 // CONTENTS // CHAPTER 6 // Waves 183 // WAVE MOTION 184 // 6-1 Water Waves 184 // 6-2 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves // 6-3 Sound 186 // 6-4 Describing Waves 187 // WAVE BEHAVIOR 190 // 6-5 Refraction 190 // 6-6 Reflection 192 // 6-7 Interference 194 // 6-8 Diffraction 196 // 6-9 Doppler Effect 196 _ // 6-10 Musical Sounds 198 // ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 200 // 6-11 Faraday and Maxwell 200 // 6-12 Electromagnetic Waves 201 // 6-13 Types of EM Waves 203 // LIGHT 206 // 6-14 Light "Rays” 206 //

6-15 Reflection of Light 207 // 6-16 Refraction of Light 208 // 6-17 Lenses 210 6-18 Color 214 6-19 Interference 216 // 6-20 Diffraction 219 // IMPORTANT TERMS 219 MULTIPLE CHOICE 220 QUESTIONS 222 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE 223 // CHAPTER / // The Nucleus 225 // ATOM AND NUCLEUS 226 // 7-1 Rutherford Model of the Atom // 7-2 Nuclear Structure 228 // CONTENTS // RADIOACTIVITY 229 // 7-3 Radioactive Decay 230 // 7-4 Half-Life 233 // 7-5 Radiation Hazards 234 // NUCLEAR ENERGY 236 // 7-6 Units of Mass and Energy 236 // 7-7 Binding Energy 237 // 7-8 Binding Energy per Nucleon // FISSION AND FUSION 240 // 7-9 Nuclear Fission 241 // 7-10 How a Reactor Works 242 // 7-11 Plutonium 244 // 7-12 A Nuclear World? 245 // 7-13 Nuclear Fusion 247 // ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 249 // 7-14 Antiparticles 249 // 7-15 Fundamental Interactions 251 // 7-16 Leptons, Hadrons, and Quarks // IMPORTANT TERMS 257 // MULTIPLE CHOICE 257 // QUESTIONS 259 ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE // CHAPTER 8 // The Atom 263 // QUANTUM THEORY OF LIGHT // 8-1 Photoelectric Effect 264 // 8-2 Photons 265 // 8-3 What Is Light? 267 // 8-4 X-Rays 269 // MATTER WAVES 270 // 8-5 De Broglie Waves 271 // 8-6 Waves of What? 272 // 8-7 Uncertainty Principle 273 // THE HYDROGEN ATOM 274 // 8-8 Atomic Spectra 274 // 8-9 The Bohr Model 277 // 8-10 Electron Waves and Orbits 279 // 8-11 The Laser 280 // QUANTUM THEORY OF THE ATOM 282 // 8-12 Quantum Mechanics 283 // 8-13 Quantum Numbers 284 // 8-14 Exclusion Principle 286 // IMPORTANT TERMS 287 MULTIPLE CHOICE 287 QUESTIONS 289 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE 290 // CHAPTER 9 --The Periodic Law 293 // ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS 294 // 9-1 Chemical Change 294 // 9-2 Three Classes of Matter 295 // 9-3 The Atomic Theory 297 // THE PERIODIC LAW 299 // 9-4 Metals and Nonmetals 299 // 9-5 Chemical Activity 300 // 9-6 Families of Elements 301 // 9-7 The Periodic Table 303 //

9-8 Groups and Periods 306 // ATOMIC STRUCTURE 308 // 9-9 Shells and Subshells 308 // 9-10 Explaining the Periodic Table 309 // CHEMICAL BONDS 312 // 9-11 Types of Bond 312 // 9-12 Covalent Bonding 314 // 9-13 Ionic Bonding 314 // 9-14 Ionic Compounds 316 9-15 Atom Groups 317 9-16 Naming Compounds 318 // 9-17 Chemical Equations 319 // IMPORTANT TERMS 322 // MULTIPLE CHOICE 323 // QUESTIONS 324 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE 326 // Xll // CHAPTER 10 // Crystals, Ions, and Solutions 329 // SOLIDS 329 // 10-1 Ionic and Covalent Crystals 330 // 10-2 The Metallic Bond 332 // 10-3 Molecular Crystals 332 // SOLUTIONS 336 // 10-4 Solubility 336 // 10-5 Polar and Nonpolar Liquids 339 // 10-6 Ions in Solution 341 // 10-7 Arrhenius 344 // 10-8 Water 345 // ACIDS AND BASES 348 // 10-9 Acids 348 // 10-10 Strong and Weak Acids 350 // 10-11 Bases 351 // 10-12 The pH Scale 352 // 10-13 Salts 354 // IMPORTANT TERMS 355 // MULTIPLE CHOICE 355 // QUESTIONS 357 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE 358 // CHAPTER 11 // Chemical Reactions 361 // COMBUSTION 362 // 11-1 Phlogiston 362 // 11-2 Lavoisier 363 // 11-3 Oxygen 364 // CHEMICAL ENERGY 366 // 11-4 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions 366 // 11-5 Chemical Energy and Stability 367 // 11-6 Activation Energy 369 // FUELS 370 // 11-7 Liquid Fuels 370 // 11-8 Gas Fuels 372 // 11-9 Solid Fuels 373 // REACTION RATES 375 // 11-10 Temperature 375 // 11-11 Concentration and Surface Area 376 // 11-12 Catalysts 376 // 11-13 Chemical Equilibrium 377 // 11-14 Altering an Equilibrium 378 // OXIDATION AND REDUCTION 379 // 11-15 Electrolysis 380 // 11-16 Electrochemical Cells 382 // IMPORTANT TERMS 384 // MULTIPLE CHOICE 384 // QUESTIONS 386 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE 387 // CHAPTER 12 // Organic Chemistry 389 // CARBON COMPOUNDS 389 // 12-1 Carbon Bonds 390 // 12-2 Alkanes 391 // 12-3 Petroleum Products 392 // STRUCTURES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES //

12-4 Structural Formulas 394 // 12-5 Isomers 395 // 12-6 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 396 // 12-7 Benzene 397 // ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 398 // 12-8 Hydrocarbon Groups 398 // 12-9 Functional Groups 399 // 12-10 Polymers 403 // CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 406 // 12-11 Carbohydrates 408 // 12-12 Photosynthesis 410 // 12-13 Lipids 411 // 12-14 Proteins 412 // 12-15 Nucleic Acids 413 // 12-16 Origin of Life 417 // IMPORTANT TERMS 419 // MULTIPLE CHOICE 419 // QUESTIONS 421 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE 422 // CHAPTER 13 // Atmosphere and Hydrosphere 425 // THE ATMOSPHERE 426 // 13-1 Composition 426 // 13-2 Troposphere and Stratosphere 427 // 13-3 Mesosphere and Thermosphere 429 // 13-4 Atmospheric Moisture 430 // 13-5 Clouds 431 // WEATHER 434 // 13-6 Atmospheric Energy 435 // 13-7 Winds 438 // 13-8 General Circulation of the Atmosphere 441 // 13-9 Air Masses, Cyclones, and Anticyclones 443 // CLIMATE 449 . 13-10 Tropical Climates 449 // 13-11 Middle-Latitude Climates 450 // 13-12 Climatic Change 451 // 13-13 Origins of Climatic Change 452 // THE HYDROSPHERE 455 // 13-14 Ocean Basins 455 // 13-15 Ocean Currents 457 // IMPORTANT TERMS 459 // MULTIPLE CHOICE 460 // QUESTIONS 462 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE 463 // CHAPTER 14 // Earth Materials 465 // MINERALS 466 // 14-1 Composition of the Crust 466 // 14-2 Silicates 466 // 14-3 Minerals 468 // 14-4 Six Common Minerals 470 // ROCKS 472 // 14-5 Igneous Rocks 473 // 14-6 Sedimentary Rocks 476 // 14-7 Metamorphic Rocks 478 // SOIL 480 // 14-8 Types of Soil 481 // 14-9 Soil Nitrogen 483 // WITHIN THE EARTH 485 // 14-10 Earthquakes 485 // 14-11 Earthquake Waves 488 // 14-12 Core, Mantle, and Crust 490 // 14-13 Composition 492 // 14-14 Temperature 494 // 14-15 Geomagnetism 495 // IMPORTANT TERMS 496 // MULTIPLE CHOICE 496 // QUESTIONS 498 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE 499 // CHAPTER 15 // The Changing Crust 501 // EROSION 502 //

15-1 Weathering 502 // 15-2 Stream Erosion 503 // 15-3 Evolution of Eroded Landscapes 504 // 15-4 Glaciers 506 // 15-5 Groundwater 508 // SEDIMENTATION 510 // 15-6 Deposition of Sediments 510 // 15-7 Lithification 513 // VULCANISM 514 // 15-8 Volcanoes 514 // 15-9 Intrusive Rocks 518 // 15-10 The Rock Cycle 520 // TECTONIC MOVEMENT 520 // 15-11 Types of Deformation 521 // 15-12 Mountain Building 524 // 15-13 Continental Drift 525 // 15-14 Laurasia and Gondwanaland 527 // PLATE TECTONICS 529 // 15-15 Lithosphere and Asthenosphere 530 // 15-16 The Ocean Floors 531 // 15-17 Ocean-Floor Spreading 533 // 15-18 Plate Tectonics 534 // 15-19 The Future 539 // CONTENTS // IMPORTANT TERMS 539 MULTIPLE CHOICE 540 QUESTIONS 542 ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE // CHAPTER 16 // Earth History 545 // METHODS OF HISTORICAL GEOLOGY // 16-1 Principle of Uniform Change 546 // 16-2 Rock Formations 547 // 16-3 Radiometric Dating 549 // 16-4 Radiocarbon 550 // 16-5 Fossils 552 // I6-6 Geochronology 554 // PRECAMBRIAN TIME 556 // 16-7 Precambrian Rocks 556 // 16-8 Early Life 557 // PALEOZOIC ERA 558 // 16-9 Paleozoic North America 56O // 16-10 Life Moves Ashore 560 // 16-II Coal and Petroleum 561 // MESOZOIC ERA 562 16-12 Mesozoic North America 562 // 16-13 Mesozoic Life 564 // CENOZOIC ERA 568 // 16-14 Geologic Activity 568 // 16-15 CenozoicLife 568 // 16-16 The Ice Age 569 // 16-17 Population and the Future 570 // IMPORTANT TERMS 571 // MULTIPLE CHOICE 571 // QUESTIONS 573 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE 574 // CHAPTER 17// Earth and Sky 577 // THE MOVING EARTH 578 // 17-1 A Survey of the Sky 578 // 17-2 The Earth’s Shape and Size 581 // 17-3 Why the Earth Is Round 582 // 17-4 Day and Year 583 // 17-5 Precession 584 // 17-6 The Seasons 585 // MAPPING EARTH AND SKY 586 // 17-7 Latitude and Longitude 586 // 17-8 Time Zones 589 // 17-9 The Zodiac 591 // 17-10 Astrology 593 //

MOTIONS OF THE MOON 594 // 17-11 Phases 594 // 17-12 Eclipses 596 // OTHER PHENOMENA OF THE NIGHT SKY 598 // 17-13 Comets 598 // 17-14 Meteors 601 // 17-15 The Aurora 603 // IMPORTANT TERMS 605 MULTIPLE CHOICE 606 QUESTIONS 607 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE 609 // CHAPTER 18 --The Solai System 611 // THE FAMILY OF THE SUN 612 // 18-1 The Solar System 613 // 18-2 Properties of the Planets 614 // THE INNER PLANETS 6l6 // 18-3 Mercury 6l6 // 18-4 Venus 617 // 18-5 Mars 620 // 18-6 Is There Life on Mars? 622 // 18-7 Asteroids 624 // THE OUTER PLANETS 625 // 18-8 Jupiter 625 // 18-9 Saturn 627 // 18-10 Uranus, Neptune, Pluto 629 // THE MOON 632 // 18-11 The Lunar Surface 632 // 18-12 Evolution of the Lunar Landscape 634 // 18-13 Origin of the Moon 635 // xviii // CONTENTS // IMPORTANT TERMS 637 MULTIPLE CHOICE 637 QUESTIONS 639 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE 639 // CHAPTER 19 // The Stars 641 // TOOLS OF ASTRONOMY 642 // 19-1 The Telescope 642 // 19-2 The Spectrometer 644 // 19-3 Spectrum Analysis 645 // THE SUN 647 // 19-4 Propenies of the Sun 647 // 19-5 Solar Energy 648 // 19-6 Sunspots 650 // 19-7 Solar Atmosphere 652 // THE STARS 652 // 19-8 Stellar Distances 652 // 19-9 Variable Stars 654 // 19-10 Stellar Motions 655 19-11 Stellar Propenies 656 19-12 Spectra 657 // LIFE HISTORIES OF THE STARS 660 // 19-13 H-R Diagram 66l // 19-14 White Dwarfs 661 // 19-15 Stellar Evolution 662 // 19-16 Supernovas 665 // 19-17 Pulsars 666 // 19-18 Black Holes 666 // IMPORTANT TERMS 668 // MULTIPLE CHOICE 668 // QUESTIONS 670 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE 671 // CHAPTER 20// The Universe 673 // GALAXIES 674 // 20-1 The Milky Way 674 // 20-2 Stellar Populations 676 // 20-3 Galactic Nebulas 677 // 20-4 Radio Astronomy 678 // 20-5 Spiral Galaxies 679 // 20-6 Cosmic Rays 681 // THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE 681 // 20-7 Red Shifts 681 // 20-8 Quasars 684 // 20-9 The Great Attractor 685 //

EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE 686 // 20-10 Age of the Universe 686 20-11 The Oscillating Universe 687 // 20-12 The Primeval Fireball 689 20-13 Origin of the Earth 690 // EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE 691 20-14 Other Planetary Systems 691 // 20-15 Interstellar Travel 693 20-16 Interstellar Communication 694 // IMPORTANT TERMS 695 // MULTIPLE CHOICE 696 // QUESTIONS 698 // ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE 698 // THE ELEMENTS 699 MATH REFRESHER 701 // GLOSSARY 715 // ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS INDEX 743 // PHOTO CREDITS 753