// CONTENTS // Preface ix // Acknowledgements x // 1 The Nature of Population Geography 1 // The roots of population geography 2 // Modern population geography: its changing emphasis 4 // The way forward 6 // 2 Introduction to Population Growth and Regulation 8 // Stepped growth 9 // Eras of stability 10 // Periods of growth 16 // The demographic transition 18 // 3 Mortality: International Variations 22 // Measures of mortality 22 // Data quality 27 // Mortality and development 28 // North-western Europe 35 // North America 46 // Southern and eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, Japan 47 // Less developed countries 49 // 4 Mortality: Variations within Countries 59 // Social class 59 // Community of residence 67 // Other differentials 69 // Spatial patterns 70 // Population Geography // Western Europe // Great Britain // Malaria in Sri Lanka // Schistosomiasis in Africa // Fertility Patterns: Developed Countries // Geography and fertility // Measures of fertility // Proximate determinants of fertility // Fertility decline theory // Fertility in pre-industrial Europe // The modern fertility transition in Europe // The transition outside Europe // Post-transition trends // Differential fertility // Spatial analyses // Fertility Patterns: Less Developed Countries // Fertility increases // Fertility reduction: the overall pattern // Development influences // Cultural influences // Programme influences // Decomposition studies // Macro-analytical studies // District studies // Survey
analyses // Community studies // Problems of Population Growth and Age Composition // Global growth problems // Malthusian pessimism // Technological optimism // Neutralism // Sustaining life-support systems // Recent trends in the population-food balance // Problems of changing age composition // The Analysis of Migration // Disciplinary approaches // What is migration? Temporal and spatial dimensions // Data sources // Macro-analytical models // Micro-analytical perspectives and models // A systems approach // Contents vii // 9 The Political Economy of Internal Migration 207 // Migration and capitalism: the Scottish experience 209 // Counter-urbanization 216 // Rural-to-urban movements in less developed countries 220 // The political economy perspective: the way forward 227 // 10 International Migration 229 // Origins 229 // European expansion overseas 230 // Forced migrations and refugees 237 // Modern permanent-settlement immigration 241 // Spatial networks of migrant labour 244 // Circulation of the highly skilled 254 // Theoretical overviews 254 // 11 Population Policies - 256 // Pro-natalist policies 256 // Anti-natalist policies 262 // Population redistribution in developed countries 273 // Population redistribution in less developed countries 276 // 1989 World Population Data 279 // References 286 // Index , 318 //