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Stanford : Stanford University, c1980

283 s.

ISBN 0-8047-1125-9 (brož.)

Obsahuje předmluvu, poznámky, rejstřík

Bibliografie na s. 259-273

Lingvistika - dějiny - stol. 20. - pojednání

000097683

Contents // Preface 9 // 1 Prelude: the nineteenth century 13 // 2 Saussure: language as social fact 34 // 3 The Descriptivists 57 // 4 The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 81 // 5 Functional linguistics: the Prague School 103 // 6 Noam Chomsky and generative grammar 130 // 7 Relational grammar: Hjelmslev, Lamb, Reich 166 // 8 Generative phonology 187 // 9 The London School 212 // 10 Conclusion 236 // Notes 243 // Bibliography 259 // Index 275 // Index // Frequently used technical terms, e.g. ‘morpheme’, ‘Received Pronunciation’, are indexed only for passages defining them. // A-over-A convention, 143-4, 150, 161, 240 Ablaut, 16, 25 Académie Frangaise, 50 acquisition of language, 77-8, 122-3, 148, 149-50, 173, // 205-7 // agglutinating languages, 22-3, 25, 244 n.9, 252 n.ll Aginsky, B., and Aginsky, E., 131 Alexandrians, 135, 155 Algonquian languages, 62 allomorph, 187, 247 n.14 allophone, 187, 199, 216, 246 n.4, 247 n.14 alternating sounds, 60-1 alternation, 168-9, 171, 174 American Indian languages, 58-9, 61-2, 80, 81, 83 analytic languages, 22-3 analytic philosophy, 258 n.l Anglo-Saxon, see Old English anomia, 46 Anttila, R., 155 aphasia, 123-4, 125, 180 applied linguistics, 10-11, 252 n.6 Arabic, 122, 194 archiphoneme, 108, 215, 249 n.l (ch. 5) // Aristotle, 21, 89, 252 n.7 Arnold, G. F., 223 // Austin, J. L„ 225 autosegmental phonology, 258 n.17 // Bach, E. W., 142, 156 Bally, C, 36 Bar-Hillel, Y„ 193 Bŕrtoli, M„ 237 // base component, 141, 142, 174, 228-9, 230 Bassa,

95, 98 // Baudouin de Courtenay, 1.1. N., 25-6 // behaviourism, 64-70, 81-2, 106, 154, 224-7, 248 n.3, 249 n.l (ch. 4) // Bennett, M. A., 80 Benveniste, E., 90 Berlin, B., 96-102, 121, 249 n. 5, n. 6 // Berry, M„ 222, 231-2 bilateral opposition, 249 n.l (ch. 5) // binarity, 121, 125, 191-8, 200-1, 209, 250 n. 7, 254 n. 4 Black, M„ 86-8 // Bloomfield, L., 20, 30-1, passim Bloomfield, M., 62 Boas, F., 56-62, 65, 69-70, 79, 81, 85, 97, 103, 121, 135, 244 n. 7, 249 n. 4 // 276 Index // Bolinger, D., 79, 165 Bolling, G. M., 243 n. 1 Bonfante, G., 20-1, 29, 237, 244 n.7 // Bopp, R, 16-17, 27 Bororó, 91-4, 225-6 Botha, R. P„ 151 Braine, M. D. S., 207 Brame, M. K„ 205 Bresnan, J. W., 205 Broadbent, D. E., 64 Brosnahan, L. R, 31 Brugman, K., 27 Bühler, K„ 110 // cardinal vowels, 120, 213, 255 n. 2 // Carnap, R., 63, 237 Carroll, J. B., 82 catastrophism, 24 Catford, J. C, 31, 245 n. 11 Celtic languages, 18-19 Chao Yuen-Ren, 70-1, 215 characterology, 108, 112 chess, 37-8, 40, 42, 113-14, 117, 166, 246 n. 6 // chimpanzee experiments, 253 n. 14 // Chinese, 22, 24, 25, 70-3, 75, 85, 99-100, 116-17, 120-1, 126, 197-8, 215-17 // Chomsky, A. N., and Chomskyan School, 13, 32, 49-51 & passim Clark, T. N.. 47 classical philology, 14, 243 n. 1 Cohen, L. J., 89, 156 Cole, D. T., 120 collective ideas, 46 collective mind, 44-8, 51, 53- 1, 64, 226 // collectivism, 51, 226, 247 n. 8, n. 11 ; see also collective ideas; collective mind; methodological collectivism Collier, G. A., 101 // Collitz,

H„ 31 // colour terms, 94-102, 249 n. 5 comment, 105 comparative grammar, 18 competence, 49-50, 153 composite realization, 169 conative function, 110-11 conspiracies, 174 constituency grammar/rules, 138-42, 144, 164, 172-4 context of situation, 225-7 context-free phrase-structure grammar, see constituency grammar Coptic, 25 Cornish, 18 // de Courtenay, see Baudouin de Courtenay // covert category, 84-5, 249 n. 2 Croce, B., 237 // cryptotype, see covert category culminative function, 109 Cuvier, G., 24 cyclical rules, 142-3, 205 Czech, 105-6, 109-10, 127 // Dalgarno, G., 212 Danish, 21 // Darwin, C., and Darwinism, 15, 18-21, 24-6, 28, 32-3, 240-2 244 n. 7, 245 n. 16, 250 n.4 deep syntactic structure, 141, 15 174, 178, 180 // Delbrück, ?., 16, 244 n. 10 delicacy, 232-4 delimitative function, 109 Derwing, B. L., 151 Descartes, R., 88, 147, 152, 160-1 // descriptivism (philosophy of science), 245 n. 13 Descriptivists, 49, 57-80 passim detail rules, 194-5 diachronic linguistics, 13, 35 Dik, S. C, 142 // Index 277 // Dionysius Thrax, 135, 252 n. 7 directionality of change, 21-6, 28, 32, 82, 129, 245 n. 11 discovery procedures, 75-8 150, 223, 248 n. 6, n. 7 displaced speech, 68 distinctive feature, 39, 60, 71, 109-11, 119-25, 188-98, 200-1, 209, 219, 246 n. 5, 258 n. 17 // distinctive function, 109-11 Doroszewski, W., 48 double articulation, 222, 250 n. 5 // drift, 82, 129 // Dufriche-Desgenettes, A., 246 n. 4 // Dunnigan, T., 205 Durkheim, É., 43-8, 53-4, 226 Dutch, 243 n. 2, 255

n. 6 // Egyptian, 25 // Einstein, A., 15, 76-7, 88, 248 n. 7 // Eiseley, L., 24, 32 Emeneau, M. B., 244 n. 7 ernie v. etic, 49 // empiricism, 147, 150, 152, 154, 158-9, 163 1, 239, 241 endocentric v, exocentric constructions, 135 equipollent oppositions, 108 Eskimo, 85-6, 94 Esperanto, 26 expressive function, 110-11 // family-tree theory, 18-20, 244 n. 7 // Fant, C. G. M„ 121 Far Eastern languages, 196 feature, 119 Finnish, 110 // Firth, J. R., 214-28, 231, 255 n. 1, 256 n. 5, n.6, n.7, 257 n. 10, 258 n. 17 // Fischer-J0rgensen, E., 185 Fleming, I., 180 Fodor, J. A., 53, 153, 157 Fought, J., 249 n. 8 Fowler, H. W„ 50 Franco-Provengal, 125 free variation. 111, 127-8, 174 French, 18 and passim French School, 247 n. 10 Freud, S„ 249 n. 3 Fries, C. C, 65, 135, 250 n. 3, 252 n. 6 // Functional Sentence Perspective, 104-5, 229 // functional yield, 114-17 // Garrett, M., 153 Garvin, P. L., 111-12 Geisteswissenschaft, 17, 236-8, 245 n. 12 // generative grammar, 134 generative phonology, 187-211, 218-22, 254-5 n. 1-7, 256 n. 7 // generative semantics, 158, 230 Geneva School, 247 n. 10 German, 18, 21-2, 30, 108, 109, 123, 149, 189-91, 236, 243 n. 2, n.4, 250 n. 1 Germanic languages, 14, 16, 28, 30, 62, 177 Gilliéron, J., 250 n. 6 van Ginneken, J., 255 n. 6 Gladstone, W. E., 249 n. 5 Gleason, H. A., 94-5, 98 glossematics, 185, 253 n. 1 God’s truth, 72, 231 Godel, R., 247 n. 10 Goldsmith, J. A., 258 n. 17 Gothic, 21-2 gradual oppositions, 108 grammar, 248 n. 2 gravity (law of), 16,

29 Great Chain of Being, 21 Great Vowel Shift, 29, 202 // 278 Index // Greek, 16, 21-2, 99. 135, 243 n. 1, n. 2, 249 n. 5, 252 n. 6 Grimm, J. L. K., 14, 18, 27, 30 Grimm’s Law, 16, 28, 30-2, 245 n. 17, 250 n. 6 // Haas, W., 226-7 Häckel, E., 18 // Hagége, C., 158, 162, 252 n. 6 Hall, E. T., 44 Halí, R. A., 29, 106 Halle, M., 121, 160, 177, 188, 192-6, 199-208, 222, 252 n. 12, 254 n. 2, n.3, n.4, 258 n. 17 // Halliday, M. A. K., 227-34, 257 n. 12, n. 16 Hamann, J. G., 89 Hanson, N. R., 86, 156 harmony, 207, 218-20, 244 n. 9, 255 n. 7 // Harris, Z. S., 76, 130, 134-8, 144, 155, 219, 251 n. 2, 252 n. 10 Havránek, B., 106 Hayek, F. A., 18, 157 Hebrew, 149, 187 Hegel, G. W. F., 23, 244 n. 10 Henderson, E. J. A., 221 Herder, J. G., 14 Herman, D. T., 86 Hill, T., 219 // Hjelmslev, L., 90, 167-8, 174-5, 185, 253 n. 1 // Hockett, C. F., 74-5, 79, 109, // 189, 251 n. 1, 254 n. 3 hocus-pocus, 72, 231, 257 n. 14 Hodge, C. T., 25 Honey, P. J., 135 Hopi, 83-9 Hoppe, A., 253 n. 2 Householder, F. W., 72, 155, 160, 231, 245 n. 11 Hsieh Hsin-I, 208 Hudson, R. A., 227, 232, 234, // 251 n.3, 257 n. 13 // humanization of language, 25-6 von Humboldt. K. W., 13, 23 Hurford, J. R.. 150 Hymes, D., 249 n. 8 // Icelandic, 21 // idiolect, 18, 20, 28. 34-5, 50-1,56, 127-8, 151-2, 244 n. 5, 245-6 n. 1 // immanent grammar, 253 n. 1 incompetence rule, 206-7 Indian languages, 122, 214, 243 n. 2 // individualism, 51, 53, 247 n. 8; see also methodological individualism Indo-European, 243 n. 2 inductivist

style, 210 inflecting languages, 22-5, 105, 244 n. 9, 252 n. 11 information theory, 193 innate ideas, see nativism; rationalism // International Phonetic Association, 209, 246 n. 4 interpretative semantics, 158 Iordan, I„ 29, 247 n. 10, 250 n. 6 Irish, 19 // isogloss, 20, 244 n. 6 isolating languages, 22-5, 244 n. 9, 252 n. 11 Italian, 18, 21, 243 n. 2 item-and-arrangement (IA), 74-5, 180-1 // item-and-process (IP), 74-5, 180-1 // Jakobson, R. O., 118-25, 130-1, 148, 188, 191-6, 244 n. 7, 250 n. 7, 251 n.8, n. 9, 254 n. 2, n. 4, 255 n. 6 // Jankowsky, K. R„ 28, 31, 244 n. 10 // Japanese, 39, 55, 100, 123 Jespersen, O., 22, 26, 29, 162, // 244 n. 9, n. 10 // Index 279 // Jones, D., 213, 255 n. 2 Joos, M„ 70, 106, 187 // Katz, J. J., 157, 236-7 Kay, P„ 96-102, 121, 249 n. 5, n. 6 // Kaye, J„ 205 King, R. D., 116, 205 Kiparsky, P., 149, 254 n. 5 Kisseberth, C. W., 174 know-how v. know-that, 55-6, 152, 248 n. 16 // Koerner, E. F. K., 35, 48, 247 n.9 // Korean, 100 Krohn, R. K„ 208 Kucera, H„ 116 // Kuhn, T. S., 15, 158-9, 243 n.3 Kwakiutl, 61-2 // Labov, W„ 66, 127-9, 151-2, 238 Ladefoged, P., 120, 209 Lakatos, I., 11, 27, 89, 210 Lamb, S. M., 10, 168-86, 253, n. 1, n. 2, n. 3, 256 n. 7 Lane, G. S., 20, 30 Langenbeck, K., 124 Langendoen, D. T., 155, 219, 252 n. 7, 258 n. 17 Language (journal), 64, 209 language planning, see standardization of languages language teaching, 10, 59, 213, 231, 252 n. 6 language union, 244 n. 7 langue, 45-6, 49-50, 54-5, 59, // 131 // de

Laplace, P. S., 15 Lass, R., 245 n. 17 Latin, 18, 19, 21-3, 30, 69, 149, 177, 202, 212, 243 n. 1, n. 2 Lautgesetz, see sound law Lee, G., 205 Lenneberg, E. H., 86 Leskien, A., 20 // Lévy-Bruhl, L„ 90-4, 249 n. 3 lexicography, 212, 258 n. 1 Li, C. N., 245 n. 11, n. 17 Liljencrants, J., 208 Lindblom, B., 208 Linden, E„ 253 n. 14 linguistic geography, 10 Linguistic Society of America, 62, 64, 160 Lipka, L„ 160 Lockwood, D. G„ 168, 185 logical positivism, 63-5, 237 London School, 212-35, 255-8 n. 1-18 // long components, 219 Lovejoy, A. O., 21 Lyell, C., 19, 24 Lyons, J„ 169, 225-7 // McCawley, J. D., 125, 161, 192, 230 // Mach, E„ 245 n. 13 McNeill, N.. 100 Malinowski, B., 223-6 Manx, 18 // markedness, 29-30, 108, 123, // 192, 206-7, 250 n. 1 Martinet, A., 114-17, 125, 222, 238, 250 n. 5, n. 6, 254 n. 3 Mathesius, V., 103-5, 107-8, 112 Matthews, P. H., 233, 244 n. 9, 258 n. 2 // Mehta, V., 157, 237, 253 n. 12 Meijer, G., 152 Meillet, A., 47 // methodological collectivism, 46-8; // see also collectivism methodological individualism, 46-8, 82; see also individualism Meyer, H., 31 Miller, J., 248 n. 6 mixing of levels, 223, 256 n. 8 Mongolian, 111 Moravcsik, J. M. E., 153 morph, 187 // 280 Index // morpheme, 187, 247 n. 14 morphophoneme, 199-201, 254 n. 5 // morphophonemic alternation, 188-91, 194, 197-204, 209-10, 254 n. 2 // Müllenhoff, ?., 30 // Nagel, E., 245 n. 13 nativism, 77-8, 121, 147-50, 156, 161, 164, 192, 231, 239—42, 248 n. 7, 253 n. 14; see also rationalism

// natural class, 189-90, 254 n. 3 Natural Generative Phonology, 208 // naturalness, 29-30, 140, 147-50, 177, 192, 195, 203, 217, 221, 254-5 n. 5; see also natural class; simplicity Naturwissenschaft, 17, 236-8 neogrammarians, 27, 31-2, 62, 109 // neolinguistics, 10, 29, 32, 237, 244 n. 7 Neurath, ?., 63 // neutralization, 108, 169-70, 215, 249-50 n. 1 // New Guinea languages, 98-100 Newman, P., 155, 160 Newmeyer, F., 18 Newton, I., 76, 88 non-contradiction, 90-4 Northern English, 194 Norwegian, 18 // O’Connor, J. D., 223 // Oertel, H„ 29 // Ohala, J. J., 208 // Old English (Anglo-Saxon), 18, // 21 // Onions, C. T., 213 // Orr, J„ 29, 247 n. 10, 250 n. 6 // orthoepy, 212 // Osthoff, H„ 27, 31 // paradigm (philosophy of science), 15 // paradigmatic relations, 49, 54, // 107, 248 n. 15, 254 n. 2, 256 n. 7 // parameter, 118-19 parole, 45-6, 49-50, 54-5, 59, // 131 // Parrel, H., 125, 230 Paul, H„ 27-8, 33, 245 n. 13, n. 16 // Pedersen, H., 26 Percival, W. K„ 159 performance, 49-50, 153-4, 179-80, 251 n. 5 performative, 225 Perlmutter, D. M., 174 phatic communion, 224 Philippine languages, 62 philology, 13, 243 n. 1 philosophical languages, 212 phone, 187, 246 n. 4 phonematic unit, 217-18, 220-1, 256 n. 5 // phoneme, 246 n. 4 physical phonetics, 194-5, 200 Piggott, G., 205 Pike, K. L„ 79 Plato, 147, 152, 153 Polish, 109 // polysystemic description, 215-18, 256 n. 5 // Popper, K. R„ 117, 156, 237, 252 n. 9 // portmanteau realization, 169, // 171 // Postal, P. M„ 32,

138, 162, 254-5 n. 5 // Pott, A. F„ 17 // Prague School, 103-29, 229, 238, 244 n.7, 249-51 n. 1-10 pre-logical mentality, 91 1 prescriptive linguistics, 106 privative oppositions, 108, 123, 249 n. 1 (ch. 5) // Index 281 // prosodic analysis, 217-23, 228-9, 235, 256 n. 6, n. 7, 258 n. 17 Proto-Germanic, 16, 18, 243 n. 2, n. 4 // Proto-Indo-European, 16, 18, 35, 243 n. 2 // proto-language, 13 Putnam, H., 51-3, 56, 139 // Quine, W. van O., 87, 156 // rank, 232-4 Rask, R. C., 16, 21-3 rationalism, 13, 147-52, 154, 158-61, 164, 240, 253 n. 14; see also nativism von Raumer, R., 27 Received Pronunciation (RP), 246 n. 3 // reduction, 53-4 // Reich, P. A., 168, 178-80, 184-5, 253 n. 1 // relational grammar, 166-86, 253 n. 1 // relativism, 59-61, 81, 90, 96-8, 121, 131 // representation function, ?? rheme, 104-5, 107 Roberts, J. M., 86 Robins, R. H„ 219, 252 n. 7, 258 n. 17 // Romance languages, 19, 22-3, 29 Romanticism, 14, 27, 44, 60, 243 n. 1 // Ross, J. R„ 174, 205, 251 n. 1 Rumanian, 18, 243 n. 2 Russell, B. A. W.. 91 Russian, 38-9, 79, 94, 109, 199-201, 220-1 // Sanskrit, 22, 75, 243 n. 2 Sapir, E., 81-3, 89-90, 94, 102, 109, 129, 226, 248 n. 1, 249 n. 1 (ch. 4) // Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 81-102 // de Saussure, M.-F., 35-56, passim Saussurean School, 247 n. 10 Scandinavian languages, 243 n. 2 Schächter, P., 240 Schane, S. A., 205 Scherer, W„ 24 // von Schlegel, A. W„ 22-3, 244 n. 9 // von Schlegel, F., 18, 22 Schleicher, A., 18-24, 26, 28, 33, 36, 47, 237, 241-2, 244 n.

7, n. 8, n. 10, 245 n. 13 Schmidt, J., 19-20, 244 n. 7 Schreiber, P. A., 147 Schuchardt, H., 29 scientism, 157, 237, 252 n. 9 Scottish Gaelic, 18 Sechehaye, A., 36 self-embedding, 179-80 Semitic languages, 25 Shaw, G.B., 213 Shona, 95, 98 shorthand, 212 Sievers, E., 254 n. 3 sign, 39-40, 56, 131, 250 n. 5 signifiant/signifié, 39, 250 n. 5 Simon, H. A., 240-1 simplicity, 21-3, 26, 28-30, 75, 148, 150, 172-4, 177, 198, 206-7, 217, 221, 235, 245 n. 15, 254 n. 3; see also naturalness Skinner, B. F., 67 Skousen, R., 208 Slavonic languages, 25, 191 Smith, N. V., 205-7 Snow,C, 152 // social fact, 43-6, 49, 51, 55-6, 247 n. 10 // Sommerfell, A., 90 sound law, 15-16, 28-32 Spanish, 99 // speaker/hearer model, 178, 180 speech spectrography, 193 spelling mistakes, 203 // 282 Index // spelling reform, 212-13, 255 n. 1 Sprachbund, 244 n. 7 Sprachgeist, 26-8 Stalin, J. V., 130 Stammbaumtheorie, see family-tree theory Stampe, D., 255 n. 6 Standard Average European, 85, 88, 90 // standardization of languages, 106 Steinberg, D. D., 208 von den Steinen, ?., 91, 94 stratificational grammar, 10, 168-86, 253 n. 1, 256 n. 7 structuralism, 112, 118 Sturtevant, E. H., 245 n. 15 substratum theory, 29 suicide, 46 // Summer Institute of Linguistics, 79-80 // suprasegmentals, 109, 217, 250 n. 2 // surface syntactic structure, 141, 155, 174, 178 Sweet, H., 212-13 synaesthesia, 124-5 synchronic linguistics, 13, 35 syntagmatic relations, 49, 55, 108, 248 n. 15, 254 n. 2, 256 n. 7 synthetic languages, 22 systematic

phonetics, 200 systemic grammar, 227-35, 257 n. 13, n. 15 // tactic pattern, 175, 177, 182, 256 n. 7 // tagmemics, 79, 257 n. 15 Tarde, G., 47-8 theme, 104-5, 107 theory-equals-notation principle, 144-7, 149-50 therapeutic theory of sound-change, 112-17, 250 n. 5 Thrax, see Dionysius Thrax Togeby, K., 168 // tone languages, 120, 196-8, 217, 254 n. 4 topic, 105 // Transactions of the Philological Society, 235 // transformational rules/grammar, 106, 140-4, 150, 164, 172-4, 178, 180-1, 183-4, 188, 205, 228-9, 230 Trobrianders, 223-5 Trubetzkoy, N. S„ 107-11, 118, 123, 215, 249 n. 1 to ch. 5 Trudgill, P. J., 128 Truitner, K. L., 205 Tswana, 120 // Turkish, 22, 218-19, 244 n. 9 Twi, 122, 194 // Uldall, H. J., 168-9, 185, 253 n. 1 // Ullmann, S., 38 uniformitarianism, 24 universale of language, 70, 74, 96-8, 100, 118, 121-5, 131, 137-51, 155-6, 158, 163 1, 188-201, 221, 230, 233, 238-41, 254 n. 2 // Vachek, J., 244 n. 7, 250 n. 1 value, 246 n. 7 variable, 127-9 Vennemann, T., 208 Vienna Circle, 63, 237 Vietnamese, 22, 25, 99-100, 221, 244 n. 9 // Volksgeist, Volksseele, 27, 31, 44 vowel harmony, see harmony // Wall, R. E., 141 Wallace, A. R„ 24 Wallis, E. E„ 80 // Wang, W. S.-Y., 116, 196-8, 245 n. 14 // wave theory, 19-20 Wechssler, E., 16 // Index 283 // Weinreich, U., 116, 129, 245 n. 17 // Weiss, A. P., 64 Wellesley, R. C., 256 n. 3 Wells, R. S., 247 n. 11 Welsh, 18, 26, 29, 94, 242 West African languages, 254 n. 4 Western Pacific languages, 80 Whitney, W. D., 48 Whorf, B.

L., 81-90, 94-7, 102, 249 n. 5 // Whorf hypothesis, see Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Wilkins, J., 212 Winch, P., 234 // Wittgenstein, L., 88, 156, 224 Word (journal), 131 word-and-paradigm (WP), 75 Wycliffe Bible Translators, 80 // Zwicky, A. M., 254 n. 3