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BK

8th ed.

Guilford : Dushkin Publishing Group, c1999

xxiv,353 s.

ISBN 0-07-303184-4 (brož.)

Taking sides series

Obsahuje předmluvu, údaje o editorovi, seznam autorů, rejstřík

Ekologie enviromentální - příručky

000106786

CONTENTS IN BRIEF // PART 1 GENERAL PHILOSOPHICAL AND POLITICAL // ISSUES 1 // Issue 1. Should a Price Be Put on the Goods and Services Provided // by the World’s Ecosystems? 2 // Issue 2. Does Wilderness Have Intrinsic Value? 20 // Issue 3. Is the U.S. Endangered Species Act Fundamentally Sound? 42 // Issue 4. Should Environmental Policy Be Redesigned to Cure // Environmental Racism? 54 // Issue 5. Is Limiting Population Growth a Key Factor in Protecting the // Global Environment? 76 // Issue 6. Does Environmental Regulation Unnecessarily Limit Private // Property Rights? 94 // Issue 7. Will Pollution Rights Trading Effectively Control Environmental // Problems? 110 // PART 2 THE ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY 127 // Issue 8. Is Biotechnology an Environmentally Sound Way to Increase Food // Production? 128 // Issue 9. Do Environmental Hormone Mimics Pose a Potentially Serious // Health Threat? 144 // Issue 10. Is the Environmental Protection Agency’s Decision to Tighten Air // Quality Standards for Ozone and Particulates Justified? 160 // Issue 11. Should Pollution Prevention and Reduction Be a Focus // of Agricultural Policy? 182 // PART 3 DISPOSING OF WASTES 203 // Issue 12. Hazardous Waste: Should the "Polluter Pays" Provision of // Superfund Be Weakened? 204 // Issue 13. Municipal Waste: Is Recycling an Environmentally and Economically // Sound Waste Management Strategy? 222 // Issue 14. Nuclear Waste: Should the United States Continue to Focus Plans // for Permanent Nuclear

Waste Disposal Exclusively at Yucca // Mountain? 238 // PART 4 THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE FUTURE 257 // Issue 15. Will Voluntary Action by Industry Reduce the Need for Future // Environmental Regulation? 258 // Issue 16. Do the Projected Consequences of Ozone Depletion Justify Phasing // Out Chlorofluorocarbons? 276 // Issue 17. \\ Are Aggressive International Efforts Needed to Slow Global // _ Warming? 294 // Issue 18.) Are Major Changes Needed to Avert a Global Environmental // Crisis? 318 // v // CONTENTS // Preface // Introduction: The Environmental Movement // 1 // xiv // PART 1 GENERAL PHILOSOPHICAL AND POLITICAL ISSUES 1 // ISSUE 1. Should a Price Be Put on the Goods and Services // Provided by the World’s Ecosystems? 2 // YES: David Pearce, from "Auditing the Earth: The Value of the // World’s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital," Environment 4 // NO: Mark Sagoff, from "Can We Put a Price on Nature’s Services?" // Report from the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy 10 // Environmental economics professor David Pearce argues that attempting to // place a monetary value on ecosystem services is a worthwhile endeavor // that can aid conservation efforts, despite some serious flaws in a recent, // highly publicized effort to accomplish that task. Environmental ethicist and // philosopher Mark Sagoff rejects efforts to attach a price to nature’s services // as futile attempts to legitimize the standard cost-benefit policy framework. // ISSUE 2. Does Wilderness Have Intrinsic

Value? 20 // YES: Rick Bass, from "On Wilderness and Wallace Stegner," The // Amicus Journal 22 // NO: William Tucker, from "Is Nature Too Good for Us?" Harper’s // Magazine 29 // Nature writer Rick Bass defends the need for true wildlands, rather than // managed ecosystems, if we are to preserve our ecological heritage and the // cultural treasures that it inspires. William Tucker, a writer and social critic, // asserts that wilderness areas are elitist preserves designed to keep people out. // ISSUE 3. Is the U.S. Endangered Species Act Fundamentally // Sound? 42 // YES: David Langhorst, from "Is the Endangered Species Act // Fundamentally Sound? Pro," Congressional Digest // NO: Mark L. Plummer, from "Is the Endangered Species Act // Fundamentally Sound? Con," Congressional Digest // 44 // 49 // vi // CONTENTS / vii // David Langhorst, executive board member of the Idaho Wildlife Federation, // asserts that the Endangered Species Act has saved hundreds of plant and // animal species that were in serious decline and that reauthorization of the // act is in the public interest. Mark L. Plummer, an environmental economist, // argues that the act’s goal of bringing listed species to full recovery is not // achievable. // ISSUE 4. Should Environmental Policy Be Redesigned to Cure // Environmental Racism? // 54 // YES: Ruth Rosen, from "Who Gets Polluted? The Movement for // Environmental Justice," Dissent 56 // NO: Henry Payne, from "Green Redlining: How Rules Against // ’Environmental

Racism’ Hurt Poor Minorities Most of All," Reason 66 // History professor and author Ruth Rosen argues that racial discrimination is // a significant factor in further burdening impoverished groups by exposing // them to the highest levels of industrial pollution. Journalist and editorial // cartoonist Henry Payne labels the Environmental Protection Agency’s efforts // to impose environmental equity "redlining" and argues that the result is // reduced job opportunities and economic benefits for minorities. // ISSUE 5. Is Limiting Population Growth a Key Factor in // Protecting the Global Environment? 76 // YES: Paul Harrison, from "Sex and the Single Planet: Need, Greed, // and Earthly Limits," The Amicus Journal 78 // NO: Betsy Hartmann, from "Population Fictions: The Malthusians // Are Back in Town," Dollars and Sense 85 // Author Paul Harrison argues that family planning programs should be implemented to prevent world population from exceeding carrying capacity. // Betsy Hartmann, director of the Hampshire College Population and Development Program, argues that the real problem is not how many people there // are but that controls over resource consumption are inadequate. // ISSUE 6. Does Environmental Regulation Unnecessarily Limit // Private Property Rights? 94 // YES: Bruce Yandle, from "Property Rights and Constitutional // Order: Paradoxes and Environmental Regulation," Vital Speeches of // the Day 96 // viii / CONTENTS // NO: Doug Harbrecht, from "A Question of Property

Rights and // Wrongs," National Wildlife // 103 // Bruce Yandle, a professor of economics and legal studies, argues that technological development is transforming the world into a Garden of Eden. // He maintains that environmental regulation is an unnecessary, misguided // effort that threatens private property rights. Business Week’s Washington correspondent Doug Harbrecht contends that it is absurd to have to pay owners // of private property for obeying environmental regulations. // ISSUE 7. Will Pollution Rights Trading Effectively Control // Environmental Problems? 110 // YES: Byron Swift, from "A Low-Cost Way to Control Climate // Change," Issues in Science and Technology 112 // NO: Brian Tokar, from "Trading Away the Earth: Pollution Credits // and the Perils of ’Free Market Environmentalism,’" Dollars and Sense 118 // Environmental attorney Byron Swift advocates the use of emission trading // systems, such as those contained in the Kyoto Protocol, to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. Author, college teacher, and // environmental activist Brian Tokar maintains that pollution credits and other // market-oriented environmental protection policies do nothing to reduce pollution while transferring the power to protect the environment from the // public to large corporate polluters. // PART 2 THE ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY 127 // ISSUE 8. Is Biotechnology an Environmentally Sound Way to // Increase Food Production? 128 // YES: International Food Information

Council, from Food // Biotechnology and the Environment, March 31,1998, // <http://ificinfo.health.org/brochure/ bioenv.htm> 130 // NO: Jeremy Rifkin, from "The Biotech Century: Playing Ecological // Roulette With Mother Nature’s Designs," E Magazine 135 // The International Food Information Council, a food industry-supported educational organization, asserts that biotechnology can safely modify crops // in ways that will help feed the increasing world population while reducing the resulting toll on the environment. Environmental economist Jeremy // Rifkin warns that the inadequately regulated introduction of the products of // the biotech revolution will lead to the spread of environmentally destructive // genetic pollution and a wholesale loss of biodiversity. // CONTENTS / ix // ISSUE 9. Do Environmental Hormone Mimics Pose a Potentially // Serious Health Threat? 144 // YES: Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski, and John Peterson // Myers, from "Hormone Imposters," Sierra 146 // NO: Stephen H. Safe, from "Environmental and Dietary Estrogens // and Human Health: Is There a Problem?" Environmental Health // Perspectives 151 // Zoologist Theo Colborn, journalist Dianne Dumanoski, and John Peterson // Myers, director of the W. Alton Jones Foundation, present evidence suggesting that low environmental levels of hormone-mimicking chemicals may // threaten the health of humans and other animals. Toxicologist Stephen H. // Safe argues that the suggestion that industrial estrogenic compounds

contribute to increased cancer incidence and reproductive problems in humans // is not plausible. // ISSUE 10. Is the Environmental Protection Agency’s Decision to // Tighten Air Quality Standards for Ozone // and Particulates Justified? 160 // YES: Carol M. Browner, from Statement Before the Committee on // Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate 162 // NO: Daniel B. Menzel, from Statement Before the Subcommittee on // Clean Air, Wetlands, Private Property and Nuclear Safety, Committee // on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate 172 // Carol M. Browner, administrator for the Environmental Protection Agency // (EPA), summarizes the evidence and arguments that were the basis for the // EPA’s proposal for more stringent standards for ozone and particulates. // Daniel B. Menzel, a professor of environmental medicine and a researcher // on air pollution toxicology, argues that adequate research has not been done // to demonstrate that the new standards will result in the additional public // health benefits that would justify the difficulty and expense associated with // their implementation. // ISSUE 11. Should Pollution Prevention and Reduction Be a Focus // of Agricultural Policy? 182 // YES: David E. Ervin, from "Shaping a Smarter Environmental // 3olicy for Farming," Issues in Science and Technology 184 // MO: Dennis T. Avery, from "Saving Nature’s Legacy Through // Better Farming," Issues in Science and Technology 193 // X / CONTENTS // David E. Ervin, policy studies director

at the Henry A. Wallace Institute // for Alternative Agriculture, advocates a variety of new agricultural policies // designed to prevent and reduce pollution, including setting ambient water // quality standards and using market incentives to encourage farmers to reduce // chemical use. Dennis T. Avery, director of the Hudson Institute’s Center for // Global Food Issues, maintains that without higher-yielding crops that depend // on fertilizers and pesticides, remaining forest lands will have to be used for // agriculture, thus threatening biodiversity. // PART 3 DISPOSING OF WASTES // 203 // ISSUE 12. Hazardous Waste: Should the "Polluter Pays" // Provision of Superfund Be Weakened? 204 // YES: Bernard J. Reilly, from "Stop Superfund Waste," Issues in // Science and Technology 206 // NO: Ted Williams, from "The Sabotage of Superfund," Audubon 214 // DuPont corporate counsel Bernard J. Reilly argues that the Superfund legislation has led to unfair standards and waste cleanup cost delegation. Audubon // contributing editor Ted Williams warns against turning Superfund into a // public welfare program for polluters. // ISSUE 13. Municipal Waste: Is Recycling an Environmentally and // Economically Sound Waste Management Strategy? 222 // YES: Richard A. Denison and John F. Ruston, from "Recycling Is // Not Garbage," Technology Review 224 // NO: Chris Hendrickson, Lester Lave, and Francis McMichael, // from "Time to Dump Recycling?" Issues in Science and Technology 230 // Environmental

Defense Fund scientist Richard A. Denison and economic // analyst John F. Ruston rebut a series of myths that they say have been promoted by industrial opponents in an effort to undermine the environmentally // valuable and successful recycling movement. Engineering and economics researchers Chris Hendrickson, Lester Lave, and Francis McMichael assert that // ambitious recycling programs are often too costly and are of dubious environmental value. // CONTENTS / xi // ISSUE 14. Nuclear Waste: Should the United States Continue to // Focus Plans for Permanent Nuclear Waste Disposal // Exclusively at Yucca Mountain? 238 // YES: Luther J. Carter and Thomas H. Pigford, from "Getting Yucca // Mountain Right," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 240 // NO: D. Warner North, from "Unresolved Problems of Radioactive // Waste: Motivation for a New Paradigm," Physics Today 248 // Science writer Luther J. Carter and nuclear engineer Thomas H. Pigford // argue that establishing clear goals that would culminate in a safe, permanent // nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain is a realistic and sensible strategy. // Risk assessment expert D. Warner North discusses the many formidable // technical and political problems with the current strategy to site a permanent // nuclear waste facility at Yucca Mountain and argues that a new, more open // and flexible paradigm is needed to deal with disposal of radioactive materials. // PART 4 THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE FUTURE 257 // ISSUE 15. Will Voluntary

Action by Industry Reduce the Need for // Future Environmental Regulation? 258 // YES: Raymond J. Patchak and William R. Smith, from ISO 14000 // Perspective: So Long! Command and Control... Hello! ISO 14000 260 // NO: Linda Greer and Christopher van Loben Sels, from "When // Pollution Prevention Meets the Bottom Line," Environmental Science // and Technology 267 // Certified hazardous materials managers Raymond J. Patchak and William R. // Smith describe the voluntary ISO 14000 environmental program developed // by the International Organization for Standardization. They assert that this // initiative will result in increased environmental protection by permitting industry more flexibility in achieving pollution prevention than current "command and control" regulations do. Environmental Defense Fund scientist // Linda Greer and project analyst Christopher van Loben Sels conclude from // a case study of a Dow Chemical facility that not even projected cost savings // will ensure that a corporation will adopt a voluntary pollution prevention // plan. // ISSUE 16. Do the Projected Consequences of Ozone Depletion // Justify Phasing Out Chlorofluorocarbons? 276 // YES: Don Hinrichsen, from "Stratospheric Maintenance: Fixing the // Ozone Hole Is a Work in Progress," The Amicus Journal 278 // xii / CONTENTS // NO: Patricia Poore and Bill O’Donnell, from "Ozone," Garbage: The // Independent Environmental Quarterly 285 // Amicus Journal contributing editor Don Hinrichsen argues that chlorofluorocarbons

(CFCs) are a serious threat to terrestrial life and that immediate // action is needed to protect the ozone layer. Garbage magazine’s editor and // publisher Patricia Poore and associate publisher Bill O’Donnell argue that // ozone depletion is not a crisis requiring an outright ban on CFCs. // ISSUE 17. Are Aggressive International Efforts Needed to Slow // Global Warming? 294 // YES: Moti Nissani, from "The Greenhouse Effect: An // Interdisciplinary Perspective," Population and Environment: A Journal // of Interdisciplinary Studies 296 // NO: Jerry Taylor, from "Global Warming: The Anatomy of a // Debate," Vital Speeches of the Day 305 // Interdisciplinary studies professor Moti Nissani argues that action should be // taken to reduce the potentially grave impacts of greenhouse-induced global // warming, despite current uncertainties about the magnitude of the effect, // because the actions will be beneficial in any event. Jerry Taylor, the Cato // Institute’s natural resource studies director, contends that the uncertainties // regarding the likely magnitude and consequences of global warming makes // the implementation of an expensive agreement that he believes will have // little effect on the future climate an unwise gamble. // ISSUE 18. Are Major Changes Needed to Avert a Global // Environmental Crisis? 318 // YES: Niles Eldredge, from "Life in the Balance," Natural History 320 // NO: Julian L. Simon, from "More People, Greater Wealth, More // Resources, Healthier Environment,"

Economic Affairs 329 // Paleontologist Niles Eldredge warns that without dramatic changes in industrial and agricultural activities, continued human intrusions into the world’s // ecosystems will lead to massive extinctions that will threaten the future of our // species. The late professor of economics and business administration Julian // L. Simon predicts that over the long term, the brainpower of more people // coupled with the market forces of a free economy will lead to improved // standards of living and a healthier environment. // Contributors 342 // Index // 348