Acknowledgements viii // Introduction 1 // 1 Key issues in Second Language Acquisition 4 // 2 The role of the first language 19 // 3 Interlanguage and the ‘natural’ route of development 42 // 4 Variability in interlanguage 75 // 5 Individual learner differences and Second Language Acquisition 99 // 6 Input, interaction, and Second Language Acquisition 127 // 7 Learner strategies 164 // 8 The Universal Hypothesis and Second Language Acquisition 190 // 9 The role of formal instruction in Second Language Acquisition 215 // 10 Theories of Second Language Acquisition 248 // Conclusion 283 // Glossary 292 // References 307 // Index 324