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BK

1st ed.

Praha : Karolinum, 2008

122 s. ; 30 cm

ISBN 978-80-246-1567-7 (brož.)

Učební texty Univerzity Karlovy v Praze

Vydavatel: Univerzita Karlova

000184748

TABLE OF CONTENTS // Introduction...-...-... 7 // Guidelines for safe laboratory work ...—...-...-... 8 // How to write the protocol ...-... 8 // GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY ... 9 // 1. TOPIC: CULTIVATION ...- ... - ... 11 // 1.1 Types of growth media...-... 12 // 1.2 Bacteriological media in common use ...-... 13 // 1.2.1 Nutrient media ...-...-...-...-...-... 13 // 1.2.2 Blood agar...-... 13 // 1.2.3 Endo agar...--- 13 // 1.2.4 MacConkey agar...-...-... 14 // 1.2.5 Deoxycholate-citrate agar (DCA)--- 14 // 1.2.6 Bile esculin agar---... 14 // 1.2.7 Wilson-Blair agar --- 14 // 1.2.8 Clauberg’s agar -..--- 14 // 1.2.9 Tinsdal’s agar---—...--- 14 // 1.2.10 Chocolate agar (CHOC) -...---... 15 // 1.2.11 Löwenstein-Jensen agar -...--- 15 // 1.2.12 Sabouraud agar---—--- 15 // 1.3 Cultivating bacteria using solid and liquid media...-...-...-... 15 // 1.4 Cultivation in the defined atmosphere...-...-... 16 // 1.5 Tasks--- 17 // 2. TOPIC: STAINING TECHNIQUES AND MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF MICROBES--- 18 // 2.1 Gram stain--- 19 // 2.2 Ziehl-Neelsen stain--- 19 // 2.3 Giemsa stain--- 20 // 2.4 Tasks--- 20 // 3. TOPIC: MICROBIAL CONTROL OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND STERILITY--- 21 // 3.1 Basic terms —--- 21 // 3.2 Methods of decontamination...--- 22 // 3.2.1 Physical methods--- 22 // 3.2.2 Chemical methods---...— 24 // 3.2.3 Inactivation of prions - .---...--- 27 // 3.3 Control of the sterilization process--- 27 // 3.4 Microbial control of the environment ...-...-...--- 28 // 3.5 Tasks

- - --- - 29 // 4. TOPIC: MECHANISMS OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS--- 30 // 4.1 Host damage...—...-...--- 32 // 4.1.1 Exotoxins---...— 32 // 4.1.2 Endotoxins --- 32 // 4.1.3 Enterotoxins ... // 4.2 Toxigenity---... // 4.2.1 Detection of toxigenity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae // 4.2.2 Test on interaction of bacterial hemolysins... // 4.3 Tasks...--- // 33 // 33 // 34 // 34 // 35 // 5. TOPIC: SEROLOGICAL METHODS - -...-...--- 36 // 5.1 Direct agglutination...-...-... 36 // 5.2 Indirect (reverse) haemagglutination test ...-... 37 // 5.3 Direct haemagglutination--- 37 // 5.4 Inhibition of haemagglutination test (HAI or HIT)...-... 37 // 5.5 Carrier agglutination...-... 37 // 5.6 Precipitation... 37 // 5.7 Complement-fixing reaction (CFR)...-...-... 38 // 5.8 Neutralization...-...-...—... 38 // 5.9 Techniques based on labeled antibodies... 38 // 5.10 Selected serological techniques -...-...-...-... 39 // 5.10.1 Detection of specific antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus--- 39 // 5.10.2 Detection of antibodies against majority of viruses, protozoas and mycoplasmas .-... 39 // 5.10.3 Detections of antibodies to Listeria monocytogenes and Brucella abortus... 39 // 5.10.4 Paul-Bunnell reaction for antibody detection in course of infectious mononucleosis...- 40 // 5.10.5 Detection of antibodies against rheumatoid factor.-... 40 // 5.10.6 Widal reaction...-...-... 40 // 5.10.7 Detection of antistreptolysin ?...-...-... 40 // 5.11 Task...-...-... 40 // 6. TOPIC: ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY...

... 41 // 6.1 Types of antimicrobial compounds---...— 41 // 6.2 Mechanisms of antibiotics actions--- 42 // 6.3 Side effects of antimicrobial drugs...--- 43 // 6.4 Resistance to antimicrobial drugs --- 43 // 6.5 Antibiotic policy--- // 6.6 Determination of susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs // 6.6.1 Disc diffusion technique --- // 6.6.2 Determination of MIC and MBC...— 46 // 6.6.3 Detection of ß-lactamases --- 48 // 6.7 Tasks--- 49 // 7. TOPIC: MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY--- 50 // 7.1 The life cycle of parasites---50 // 7.1.1 One host--- 51 // 7.1.2 Two hosts--- 51 // 7.1.3 More hosts ---52 // 7.2 The parasite survival strategies--- 52 // 7.3 Invasivity ...—...-...—... 53 // 7.4 Diagnosis--- 53 // 7.4.1 Microscopic examination--- 53 // 7.4.2 Microbial biocenosis of the vagina ---... 54 // 7.4.3 Serological examination...---... 54 // 7.5 Prevention and therapy --- 55 // 7.6 Tasks---...-...- - 56 // 8. TOPIC: MICROBIAL COMMENSALS OF HUMANS --- 57 // 8.1 Skin --- 58 // 8.2 Oral cavity--- 59 // 8.3 Upper respiratory tract ...—... 61 // 8.4 Lower respiratory tract...--- 61 // 8.5 Digestive tract--- 62 // Ł Ł Ł // 8.6 Vagina...-...-...-... 64 // 8.7 Urinary tract -... 66 // 8.8 Bloodstream---...-...-...- 66 // 8.9 Detection and effect of lysozyme -...-... 66 // 8.10 Tasks---67 // 9. TOPIC: COLLECTION OF SAMPLES FOR MICROBIAL TESTING - - ... 68 // 9.1 General rules for specimen collection ...-... 68 // 9.2 Skin...-...-...- -... 69 // 9.3 Oral cavity ... 69 // 9.4 Upper respiratory

tract ... 69 // 9.5 Lower respiratory tract... 70 // 9.6 Digestive tract... 70 // 9.7 Vagina... 71 // 9.8 Urine specimen collection... 71 // 9.9 Blood stream... 72 // 9.10 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimen collection ...-... 72 // 9.11 Pus and exudates ...-...-... 72 // 9.12 Post-mortem specimen collection...-... 73 // 9.13 Task... 73 // CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY... 75 // 10. TOPIC: INOCULATION AND MULTIPLICATION OF CLINICAL MATERIAL... ... 77 // 10.1 Collecting samples ...-... 77 // 10.2 Throat swab ...-... 77 // 10.3 Faeces...-... 78 // 10.3.1 Detection of Clostridium difficile using the ImmunoCard test... 78 // 10.4 Urine...—...-... 80 // 10.5 Blood culture ...-... 81 // 10.6 Vaginal smear...-...-... 82 // 10.7 Tasks...-... 82 // 11. TOPIC: PREPARATION OF PURE CULTURES OF THE POTENTIAL PATHOGENS ... 83 // 11.1 Throat swab ...-...-...-... 84 // 11.2 Faeces...-... 85 // 11.3 Urine---...-... 86 // 11.4 Blood culture ...-... 87 // 11.5 Tasks...-... 88 // 12. TOPIC: IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA BY PHENOTYPICAL SIGNS ... ... 89 // 12.1 Theoretical background...-... 89 // 12.2 Methods of identification...-...-...- -... 92 // 12.3 Performing the identification...-...-...-... 93 // 12.3.1 Gram-positive cocci...-...-... 94 // 12.3.1.1 Identification of streptococci...-... 94 // 12.3.1.2 Identification of staphylococci...-... 94 // 12.3.2 Identification of Gram-negative rods ...-... 96 // 12.3.2.1 Pied row...-...-...—...— 96 // 12.3.2.2 ENTEROtest... 98 // 12.3.3 Yeast identification

--- 99 // 12.3.3.1 Test on evaluation of vaginal mycosis--- 101 // 12.3.4 Tasks---...-... 102 // 13. TOPIC: IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA ACCORDING TO THEIR PHENOTYPICAL SIGNS -- // 13.1 Tasks--- // 103 // 103 // 14. TOPIC: DETERMINING SENSITIVITY TO ATB... - ... 104 // 14.1 Performing the sensitivity test...—...-... 105 // 14.2 Antifungal drugs... 105 // 14.3 Task--- --- --- --- - 105 // 15. TOPIC: SEROTYPIZATION ... ... ... 106 // 15.1 Salmonellae typization...- -...- - - 107 // 15.2 Tasks... 107 // 16. TOPIC: COMPUTER IDENTIFICATION ... 108 // 16.1 Program GIDEON... -... 109 // 16.2 IDBact program...-... 109 // 16.3 TNW Lite program...-... 109 // 16.4 Task... ... ... 110 // Appendix 1: Selected systemic pathogens...-... HI // Appendix 2: Selected gastrointestinal tract pathogens...-...—... 114 // Appendix 3: Selected central nervous system pathogens... 115 // Appendix 4: Selected respiratory tract pathogens... 117 // Appendix 5: Selected genitourinary tract pathogens ...-... 119 // Appendix 6: Selected skin and soft tissue pathogens... 120 // Appendix 7: Some emerging and re-emerging infections...-... 122

(OCoLC)316683062

cnb001851463