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BK

3rd ed.

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2010

516 s. : il., mapy, portréty ; 28 cm

ISBN 978-0-521-73650-3 (brož.)

Obsahuje bibliografie a rejstřík

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language is organized in 11 parts, comprising 65 thematic sections. Each section is a self-contained presentation of a major theme in language study, with cross-references included to related sections and topics..

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Preface to the first edition vi // Preface to the second edition vii // I Popular ideas about language 1 // Widely held linguistic beliefs and attitudes, and the basic functions of language. // 1 The prescriptive tradition 2 // Popular notions of linguistic authority and correctness; purism and language change; the role oflinguistic description. // 2 The equality of languages 6 // Myths about primitive languages and language superiority. // 3 The magic of language 8 // Linguistic superstitions and verbal taboos; the mystical power of proper names. // 4 The functions of language 10 // The many cultural, social, and personal roles which language performs. // 5 Language and thought 14 // The complex relationship between language and thinking; the notion of language relativity. // II Language and identity 17 // The many ways in which language expresses a person’s individuality or social identity. // 6 Physical identity 18 // The relationship between language and age, sex, physical type, and physical condition; voiceprints; male vs female speech. // 7 Psychological identity 22 // The relationship between language and personality, intelligence, and other psychological factors. // 8 Geographical identity 24 // The regional background ofa speaker; accents, dialects, linguistic areas, and the study of dialectology. // 9 Ethnic and national identity 34 // Language, ethnicity, and nationalism; the problem of minority languages and dialects. // 10 Social identity 38 // Language and social stratification, class, status, role, solidarity, and distance; the problem of sexism; borrowings. // 11 Contextual identity 50 // Situationally determined varieties of speech and writing; restricted and secret language; verbal play and art; word games. //

12 Stylistic identity and literature 68 // The concept of style; authorship identity and forensic linguistics; literary language in poetry, drama, and prose. // III The structure of language 83 // The dimensions of language analysis that underlie all forms of language, whether spoken, written, or signed. // 13 Linguistic levels 84 // The relationship between the main components of language analysis; models oflinguistic structure. // 14 Typology and universals 86 // Analysing the structural similarities and differences among the languages of the world. // 15 The statistical structure of language 90 // The study of the statistical regularities found in language; the frequency of sounds, letters, and words. // 16 Grammar 92 // Syntax and morphology; the structure of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. // 17 Semantics 104 // The study of meaning in language; the semantic analysis of words and sentences. // 18 Dictionaries 112 // The use and evaluation of dictionaries; the past, present, and future of lexicography. // 19 Names 116 // Patterns and trends in the use of personal names; place names and their history. // 20 Discourse and text 120 // The study of stretches of spoken and written language above the sentence; the nature of conversation; analysing textual structure. // 21 Pragmatics 124 // The factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction; speech acts and their analysis; effect of the Internet. // IV The medium of language: speaking and listening 129 // The study of the auditory-vocal channel of communication; the production, transmission, and reception of speech. // 22 The anatomy and physiology of speech 130 // The vocal tract and vocal organs; the nature of articulation. // 23 The acoustics of speech 131 // The nature of sound waves and the way they transmit speech; the sound spectrograph and its use in speech sound analysis. //

24 The instrumental analysis of speech 14 // Some of the techniques used in the analysis of speech acoustics and physiology. // 25 Speech reception 141 // The ear, and the process of hearing; speech perception and its investigation. // 26 Speech interaction with machines 15! // The principles and practice of automatic speech recognition and speech synthesis. // 27 The sounds of speech 161 // Phonetics; the description of vowels and consonants; kinds of phonetic transcription. // 28 The linguistic use of sound 161 // Phonology; phonemes, distinctive features, and other models; comparing the sound systems of languages. // 29 Suprasegmentals 17 // The prosody of speech; the structure of intonation; tone languages; the relationship between speech and music. // 30 Sound symbolism 18: // The relationship between sounds and meaning; the role of onomatopoeia. // V The medium of language: writing and reading 18! // The study of the development and functions of written language, in all its forms. // 31 Written and spoken language 181 // The relationship between speech and writing; how sound is portrayed in written language. // 32 Graphic expression 19( // The physical substance of written language; types o graphic expression; handwriting, print, typing, and electronic forms. // 33 Graphology 204 // The writing system ofa language; the history of writing; the alphabet; spelling, punctuation, and other contrasts; systems of shorthand. // 34 The process of reading and writing 211 // Psychological accounts of the process of reading, writing, and spelling; spelling regularity and spelling reform. // VI The medium of language: signing and seeing 22? // The development and use of deaf sign languages. // 35 Signlanguage 230 // Popular fallacies about sign language; the development and use of signs by the deaf //

36 Sign language structure 232 // The way signs are used to convey grammatical contrasts; American Sign Language. // 37 Types of sign language 234 // The range of contrived sign languages; finger spelling, cued speech, and other systems. // VII Child language acquisition 237 // The study of the way children learn to understand and speak their mother tongue - methods, theories, and findings; later language learning in school. // 38 Investigating children’s language 238 // Techniques for finding out about child language; speech production and comprehension; theories of language acquisition. // 39 The first year 246 // The development of infant vocalization; early speech perception and interaction. // 40 Phonological development 250 // The acquisition of the sound system; the learning of vowels, consonants, and intonation. // 41 Grammatical development 252 // The acquisition of grammar; growth in sentence length and complexity. // 42 Semantic development 254 // The acquisition of vocabulary; first words and their content; distinguishing the meanings of words. // 43 Pragmatic development 256 // The acquisition of conversational skills; the language of twins. // 44 Language development in school 258 // The study of language in school; later oral development; learning to read and write. // VIII Language, brain, and disability 267 // The neurological basis of language, and the range of physical or psychological problems that can give rise to disabilities in spoken, written, or signed language. // 45 Language and the brain 268 // Brain structure and function; hemispheric dominance and localization; slips of the tongue and critical periods. // 46 Language disability 274 // Incidence, causation, and classification; deafness, aphasia, dyslexia, dysgraphia; disorders ofvoice, articulation, and fluency; language delay; alternative communication systems and aids. //

IX The languages of the world 293 // The range of languages in past or present use - numbers, speakers, sources; identifying and explaining linguistic change. // 47 How many languages? 294 // Identifying, counting, and classifying the languages of the world // 48 How many speakers? 296 // Determining how many people speak a language; the world’s most widely used languages and families. // 49 The origins of language 298 // Myths and experiments about the origins of language; wolf children; humans and primates; the evidence of palaeontology. // 50 Families of languages 302 // Discovering the history of languages; comparative philology; the language families of the world. // 51 The Indo-European family 306 // The history of Indo-European languages, where they are spoken, and how they are classified. // 52 Other families , 314 // The distribution, family grouping, and use of the world’s languages (other than Indo-European). // 53 Language isolates 336 // Languages which cannot be related to any of the major families. // 54 Language change 338 // The identification of change in sounds, grammar, and vocabulary; glottochronology; explanations for language change. // 55 Pidgins and creoles 344 // The origins, distribution, and present-day use of the world’s pidgins and creoles. // X Language in the world 351 // The problems of communication posed by the diversity of the world’s languages and varieties, and the search for solutions. // 56 The language barrier 352 // The problems caused by foreign languages in the field of international communication; language and the business world. // 57 Translating and interpreting 354 // The principles and practice of translating and interpreting; the role of machine translation. // 58 Artificial languages 362 // The history of artificial languages, and the presentday position; Esperanto, Basic English, and other systems. //

59 World languages 367 // The international use of languages; official languages; World English and its varieties. // 60 Multilingualism 372 // Causes and extent of bilingual attitudes and practice; language maintenance and shift; language switching. // 61 Language planning 376 // Government policies about language selection and use; bilingual educational programmes; endangered languages. // 62 Foreign language learning and teaching 388 // The role and status of foreign languages in school and society; theories of language learning, and methods of language teaching; language materials and laboratories. // 63 Language for special purposes 398 // The development of special varieties of language in science, medicine, religion, the law, the press, advertising, broadcasting, and the Internet; the related problems of intelligibility and change. // XI Language and communication 419 // The relationship between language and other systems of human and non-human communication, and the scientific study of language. // 64 Language and other communication systems 420 // Language defined; chimpanzee communication; semiotics; communication by non-linguistic sound, face, gesture, and touch. // 65 Linguistics 428 // The history of ideas in language study; domains and personalities in 20th-century linguistics; linguistic methods; natural language processing. // Appendices 439 // I Glossary 440 // II Special symbols and abbreviations used in the encyclopedia 462 // III Table of the world’s languages 465 // IV Further reading 484 // V References 489 // VI Index of languages, families, dialects, andscripts 494 // VII Index of authors and personalities 498 // VIII Index of topics 501 // Acknowledgements 514