.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

BK

Cambridge : MIT Press, c1960

vi, 194 s. : il., plány ; 20 cm

ISBN 0-262-62001-4 (brož.) ISBN !978-0-262-62001-7 (chyb.)

Publications of the Joint Center for Urban Studies

Obsahuje bibliografie a rejstřík

000197004

CONTENTS // I The Image of the Environment 1 // Legibility, 2; Building the Image, 6; Structure and Identity, 8; Imageability, 9II Three Cities 14 // Boston, 16; Jersey City, 25; Los Angeles, 32; Common Themes, 43III The City Image and Its Elements 46 // Paths, 49; Edges, 62; Districts, 66; Nodes, 72; Landmarks, 78; Element Interrelations, 83; The Shifting Image, 85; Image Quality, 87. // IV City Form 91 // Designing the Paths, 95; Design of Other Elements, // 99; Form Qualities, 105; The Sense of the Whole, // 108; Metropolitan Form, 112; The Process of Design, // 115. // V A New Scale 118 // Appendices // A Some References to Orientation 123 // Types of Reference Systems, 128; Formation of the Image, 131; The Role of Form, 133; Disadvantages of Imageability, 138. // В The Use of the Method 140 // The Method as the Basis for Design, 155; Directions for Future Research, 156. // С Two Examples of Analysis 160 // Beacon Hill, 160; Scollay Square, 173. // Bibliography 182 // Index // 187 // INDEX* // Acropolis, 124 // Age contrasts, 45 (see also Contrast) // Airports, 74 // Air travel, 113 // Albany, 136 // Aleuts, 132, 138 // Alps, 132 // Appatency, 10 // Arctic, 132 // Arunta, 126, 127, 129, 130, 132, 134, 138, 139 Ashanti, 126, 134 Assam, 134 // Barriers, 47, 100 // Beacon Hill, 17, 19, 50, 54, 63, 68, 69, 71,72,74, 145, 160-173 as traffic obstacle, 172 back side, 162, 167 commercial uses, 169 connection to city structure, 172 differentiated characteristics, 172 external visibility,

172 front side, 162, 167 governmental area, 168 interview descriptions, 162 landmarks, 169, 171 location, 161 lower side, 168 map, 161 paths, 168 // spatial form, 164,164 street interviews, 163 sub-areas, 167,169 thematic elements, 165,166 thematic unit, 167 topography, 163,164 // Beacon Hill, transition zone, 168 views out, 168 // West End, continuum with, 64 Beverly Hills, 41 Binet, M. A., 125 Birds, nesting territories of, 135 Boston, 10, 14, 16-25 ambiguity of shape, 22 blank areas, 20 character, 17 distinctive elements, 147 districts (see Boston districts) edges (see Boston edges) field analysis, 19, 147 image difficulties, 15, 24 image from interviews, 146 image from sketch maps, 146 image from street interviews, 133 intersections, 58 nodes (see Boston nodes) outline map, 18 paths (see Boston paths) peninsula, 17, 20, 57, 62 structure, 19, 21 views, 18 vivid elements, 17 Boston districts, 22, 69 // Back Bay, 19, 22, 57, 60, 61, 63, 68, 69 Beacon Hill, 17, 19, 50, 54, 63, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 145, 160-173 (see also Beacon Hill) // Chinatown, 71 // Common, 17, 19, 21, 23, 55, 56, 71, 145,171 Copps Hill, 172 financial district, 51, 62, 85 "forgotten triangle," 20, 64 // • Italicized page numbers refer to illustrations. // Boston districts, market district, 18, 70, 71 // North End, 18, 23, 64, 68, 71, 145 North Station area, 145 Public Garden, 19, 50 Scollay Square, 19, 44, 74, 76, 77, 85, 162, 173-181, 177 (see also Scollay Square) // South End, 52, 56, 61, 68, 69, 145 West

End, 64, 71, 145 Boston edges, Charles River, 17, 19, 20, 43, 50, 57, 62, 63, 66, 145, 172 Harbor, 19, 57, 62 Mystic River, 62 South Bay, 63 Boston landmarks, Court House, 81 Custom House, 81, 82, 179 Faneuil Hall, 7 Г, 79 John Hancock Building, 80, 81, 84,145 Old South Meeting House, 55 State House, 17, 79, 81, 86, 162, 168, // 170 // Symphony Hall, 55 Telephone Building, 81 Boston nodes, Back Bay Station, 73 Bowdoin Square, 173 Charles Street rotary, 19, 63, 73, 74 Church Green, 58 Copley Square, 18, 19, 58, 76 Dewey Square, 44, 78 Dock Square, 60, 71, 85 Haymarket Square, 71 Jordan-Filene corner, 75 Louisburg Square, 18, 76, 162, 168, // 171 // Park Square, 25, 58 South Station, 74 subway stations, 74, 180 Boston paths, 22 Arlington Street, 51, 57 Atlantic Avenue, 18, 19, 23, 50, 51, 53, 56,57 // Back Bay grid, 22, 57, 61 Beacon Street, 19, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 61, 65, 162 Boylston Street, 21, 56, 58 Cambridge Street, 19, 50, 51, 52, 54, 57, 64, 65, 145, 162, 173, 177, 178 Causeway Street, 23, 53 Central Artery, 23, 24, 51, 56, 58, 63, 64, 65 Charles River Dam, 52 // Charles Street, 50, 55, 57, 58, 65, 162, 168 // Chestnut Street, 165 Columbus Avenue, ,61 Commercial Street, 23, 53 Commonwealth Avenue, 17, 19, 50, 51, 52,53, 57, 58,61,68,145 Cornhill Street, 178 Court Street, 1-77, 178 Federal Street, 58 Hanover Street, 23, 56, 64, 173 Huntington Avenue, 19, 58 Joy Street, 162 Longfellow Bridge, 52 Marlboro Street, 61 Massachusetts Avenue, 19, 51, 56, 58 Mt. Vernon Street,

162 Myrtle Street, 162 Nashua Street, 58 Newbury Street, 61 railways, elevated, 65 Shawmut Avenue, 52, 61 South End streets, 56, 61 Slorrow Drive, 23, 51, 58, 63 subways, 58, 59 Summer Street, 55, 77 Tremont Street, 19, 21, 51, 52, 56, 59, 61, 145, 173, 177, 178 Washington Street, 17, 19, 50, 52, 54-56, 59, 60, 77, 173 Boundaries, organization of. 111 (see also Edges, Nodes, Districts) // Brain injury, 125 Brighton, 137 Brown, W., 125, 131 // "Canti," 130 Caroline Islands, 133 Change, environmental, 45, 112, 158 Charles River, 17, 19, 20, 43, 50, 57, 62, 63, 66, 145, 172 Chicago, 10, 64, 66 Chichester, 137 China, North, 128 Chukchee, 128 City, design, 2, 115, 118, 159 imageability, 10, 93 views, 44 (see also Space) // Class distinctions, 45 Clues, 12 Combray, 128 Compass directions, 128 // Complex, 85 // Comprehensive plan, 116 // Concentrations, 47 // Continuity, 106 // Contrast, 45, 105, 109 // Controls to achieve urban form, 117 // Cores, 48 // Cornetz, V., 134 // Correlations between composites of sketch maps and interviews, 144 Curvature, perception of, 54 Curve, misleading, 56 // Design, urban (see City design) Differentiation, directional, 106 reduces communication, 139 Direction to base point, 129 Disorientation, 125, 134 Distance scale, 138 // Districts, 47, 66-72, 84, 103-105, 130 (see also Boston, Jersey City, Los Angeles districts) boundaries, 104 hard or soft, 69 by radiation, 70, 103 character, 67 confusion as clue to, 68 continuity, 103 contrast between, 72 homogeneity

of facade, 67 identity, 68 // internal homogeneity, 69 introvert, 71 linear, 50 mosaic, 72, 104 names, 68 // social connotations, 45, 68 structure, 71, 104 thematic continuity, 67 thematic unit, 68, 104 varying importance, 67 visibility, 104 Dobu, 136 Dominance, 106,113 "Dream-time roads," 126, 137 Dutch polders, 13 // Edges, 47, 62-66, 99-100 (see also Boston, Jersey City edges) accessibility, 100 alignment, 63 as barriers, 47, 100 // Edges, as boundaries, 65, 70 as paths, 65 continuity, 62, 99 contrast between, 100 directional differentiation, 66 disorganizing effects, 70 disruptive power, 64 end-from-end differentiation, 100 fragmentary, 63 // inside-outside differentiation, 100 orientation to, 129 overhead, 65 penetration, 65 // termini, 100 types, 47 visibility, 100 Elements of city image, distinctive, 145, 147, 149, 151 interrelationship, 85, 108 overlap, 152 pairs, 83 ranking, 144 types, 43, 47, 154 Emily Gap, 124 // Environment, change in, 45, 112 (see also Change) disadvantages of visible, 138 exploration, 110 identification, 3 image, 4 perception, 12 reshaping, 13 symbolic nature, 119 Eskimo, 133, 134 // Field, analysis, 15, 143-144, 155 Boston, 147 Jersey City, 149 Los Angeles, 151 overlap with interviews, 152 Field trips, 154, 156 Firth, R., 129 Flanagan, T., 119 Florence, 92,93, 126, 130 Duomo, 82, 82, 92, 102 Foci, 129 Forster, E. M., 138 Form, qualities, 105-108 role, 133, 136 // Gatty, H., 132 Gay, J., 136 // Geoghegan, R. H., 138 Geomantics, 139 Gill, E., 137

Gradients, 54, 97 Grave mounds of Australia, 129 Grid, differentiated, 99 shifts in, 62 // Hackensack River, 64 Halbwachs, M., 126-127 Hawaii, 95 // Hierarchy, of metropolitan organization, 112 of space, 51 Highways, 49 Holland Tunnel, 49 Holy areas, 124 Holy mountain, 135 // Identity, 6 interrelationship with structure, 84 of environmental image, 8 Imageability (see also Legibility, Visibility, Apparency) definition, 9 values, 4-5 Image(s), abstract, 88 adaptable, 139 as frame of reference, 126 as organizer, 126 as total field, 158 coherence, 6 communicability, 9, 139 components, 8 concrete, 88 continuity, 109 density, 87 descriptive, 154 development, 86, 157 distortion, 87 economy, 9 emotional role, 127 encouraging exploration, 110 environmental, 4 flexible structure, 88 free structure, 88 function, 124 // group differences in, 154, 157 hierarchical, 89 levels, 86 metropolitan, 112 open-ended, 9, 139 // Image(s), operating, 154 organization, 132 plasticity, 111 positional structure, 88 process of formulation, 6—7 public, 7, 15, 46,156 rigid structure, 89 sequential, 89 shifts in, 48, 86 social role, 126 structure, 88-89 sufficiency, 9 types, 157 // useful, characteristics of, 9 variation in organization, 110 vivid, 127 Intersections, 75, 98 (see also Boston) Interview, as method of analysis, 15 Boston image derived from, 146 in Boston street, 153 Jersey City image derived from, 148 Los Angeles image derived from, 150 mass, 155 office, 140-142 // overlaps in city images derived

from, 152 // sidewalk, 142, 152 size and composition of sample, 152 Island groups, 132 // Jaccard, P., 125, 129, 130, 133, 134, 136 Jersey City, character, 29 distinctive elements, 149 districts (see Jersey City districts) edges (see Jersey City edges) field analysis, 26, 27, 149 gradients of use and repair, 32 image from interviews, 148 image from sketch maps, 148 lack of imageability, 30, 32 landmarks (see Jersey City landmarks) New York skyline, 26 nodes (see Jersey City nodes) paths (see Jersey City paths) railways, elevated, 65 street signs, 32 views, 27, 31 vivid elements, 26 waterfront, 63 Jersey City districts, 29 "Bergen Section,” 26 West Side Park, 32 // Jersey City edges, 29 Hackensack River, 64 Palisades, 25, 50 waterfront, 63 Jersey City landmarks, 29 Journal Square advertising signs, 32 New Jersey Medical Center, 26, 28, 32, 79 // Jersey City nodes, 29 Hamilton Park, 31, 32 Journal Square, 25, 26, 28, 44, 74, 76 Tonnelle Avenue Circle, 30, 58, 59, 73 Van Vorst Park, 32 Jersey City paths, 29 Bergen Boulevard, 60 Communipaw-Grand, 26 Fairview Avenue, 31 Hudson Boulevard, 26, 52, 57, 60 Montgomery Avenue, 26 Newark Avenue, 26 // Non-convergence of three main streets, 55 // Pulaski Skyway, 29 West Side Boulevard, 60 Joints, clarity of, 106 Junctions, 47, 72—75 // Kawaguchi, 135 Kilpatrick, F. P., 11 Kinesthetic sense, 54 // Labyrinth, 5 Lake Kholgyal, 135 Lake Michigan, 66 // Landmarks, 78-83, 100-102, 131, 154 (see also Boston, Jersey City, Los Angeles landmarks)

// "bottomless," 81 clarity of form, 101 clusters, 101 distant, 48 // figure-background contrast, 79 isolated, 83 local, 48, 82 // location at junctions, 101 meaning, 81 singularity, 78, 100 spatial contrast, 80 sequences, 83, 102 Landscape, 94 illegible, 5 Italian, 94 // Landscape, new, 115 Langer, S., 113 "Leading lines," 135 // Legibility, 2, 3, 10 (see also Apparency, Imageability, Visibility) // Lewis, C. S., 124 Linear series, 129 Lhasa, 124 Locality, 85 // Los Angeles, 15, 32-43, 154 age, 42 // age gradient, 41 character, 40, 43 class distinctions, 37 color, 41 cross streets, 38 decentralization, 33 directional differentiation, 39 distinctive elements, 151 districts (see Los Angeles districts) downtown approach, 41 end vistas, 38 field analysis, 53, 151 grid, 33, 51, 56, 57,61 highways, 42, 51, 54, 56, 59-60 image from interviews, 150 image from sketch maps, 150 landmarks (see Los Angeles landmarks) longitudinal streets, 38 nodes (see Los Angeles nodes) organization, general, 43 paths (see Los Angeles paths) smog, 41 structure, 34 symbols, 43 topography, 42 vegetation, 42 view from air, 34 Los Angeles districts, 36, 41 Beverly Hills, 41 Bunker Hill, 36, 38,42, 71, 72 Civic Center, 34, 35, 36, 40, 43 Little Tokyo, 36, 38 San Fernando Valley, 41 Skid Row, 35, 36 Spring Street financial district, 36 Transportation Row, 36, 37 Los Angeles landmarks, 35 Biltmore Hotel, 35, 37, 38 Bullocks Department Store, 35 City Hall, 35, 42, 79 // Los Angeles landmarks, Federal Savings Building,

35 Hall of Records, 79 "little gray lady," 80, 81 Philharmonie Auditorium, 35, 81 Public Library, 35, 38 Richfield Oil Building, 35, 42, 80 Robinsons Department Store, 35 Statler Hotel, 35, 38, 55 Union Depot, 35 Los Angeles nodes, 37 // Pershing Square, 34, 36, 36, 43, 75, 78 Plaza-Olvera Street, 34, 37, 39, 39, 42, 43 // Los Angeles paths, 37 Alameda Street, 40 Broadway, 34, 36, 37, 38, 43, 50, 53 cross streets, 38 Figueroa Street, 65 First Street, 38 Flower Street, 38 Grand Street, 38 grid, 33, 51, 56, 57, 61 Harbor Freeway, 35, 65 highways, 42, 51, 54, 5б, 59-60 Hill Street, 52 // Hollywood Freeway, 35, 40, 65 Hope Street, 38, 52 longitudinal streets, 38 Los Angeles Street, 65 Main Street, 35 Olive Street, 38, 52 Olvera Street, 39, 51, 75 Olympic Street, 65 Seventh Street, 34, 36, 38, 43, 55 Sixth Street, 38 Spring Street, 35 Sunset Boulevard, 53, 65 Wilshire Boulevard, 43, 53 Luritcha, 124, 127 Lyons, 125 // MacDonnell Ranges, 137 "Main" streets, 51 Malinowski, B., 126, 136 Manhattan, 10 Maori, 138 Maps, native, 132 Meaning, 108 // of environmental image, 8 Medjbed, 130 Melodic series, 107 // Meshed, 124, 129 Metropolis, form of, 119 imageability, 94, 112 total pattern of, 115 Micronesian voyagers, 128 Migration, bird and insect, 135 Minneapolis, 136 Mississippi River pilots, 134 Mobility, residential, 111 Motion awareness, 107 Mt. Everest, 11 Mt. Reani, 134,137 // Names of places, 108, 123 Natural setting, 110 Navigators of the South Seas, 133, 134 Netsilik Eskimo, 127,

132 New York City, 67, 136 skyline, 26 Nodes, 47, 72-78, 102-103 (see also Boston, Jersey City, Los Angeles nodes) boundaries, 77 concentrations, 75-76 extroverted, 78 identity, 102 introverted, 77 jointing, 102 junctions, 72-75 linkages, 103 organization. 111 relation to general structure, 103 spatial form, 102 // Order, open-ended, 6 Oregon Trail, 135 Orientation, 129, 131 systems of, 7 // Paiute, 131 Paris, 127 // Paths, 44,47, 49-62, 84, 96-99, 130, 154 (see also Boston, Jersey City, Los Angeles paths) activity along, 50 alignment, 56 as an edge, 51 branching, 58 continuity, 52, 96 destination, 54, 97 directional clarity, 96 directional differentiation, 54, 55, 97 // Paths, directional shifts, 56 directional signals on highways, 57 facade characteristics, 51 gridiron, 99 // highway interchanges, 58 identity, 50, 96 intersections, 57, 98 melodic organization, 99 networks, 60, 99 // one-way, 60 origins, 54 pavement texture, 51 planting as reinforcement of image, 51 // scaling, 55, 97 sense of motion, 97 separation from rest of city, 56, 57 spatial qualities, 51 structure, 52, 59, 98 visual exposure, 51, 98 visual hierarchy, 96 Perception, adaptation, 12, 132 extension, 12 Perceptual learning, 11-12 Peterson, J., 136 Photographic recognition, 145 Piazza San Marco, 78, 79 Pink, O. M., 130 Place, 119 Plasticity, 111 Porteus, S. D., 126 Pratolini, V., 126 "Presence," 135 Proust, M., 128, 130 Public image, 7, 15, 46, 156 Puluwat, 124, 134 // Railroads, 57 elevated, 65 stations, 73,

74 Rasmussen, K. J. V., 132, 134 Rattray, R. S., 126 Reference systems, 128 Research in city design and perception, // 156-159 Residential distribution, 153 Rome, 130 // Sahara, 130 Sailing directions, 133 Sailing formation, 134 Sandwich, New Hampshire, 94 // San Fernando Valley, 41 San Francisco, 10 approach to, 99 Sapir, E., 131 // Scollay Square, 19, 44, 74, 76, 77, 85, 162, 173-181, 177 approaches to, 177 as junction, 173 at night, 175 connections, 177-178 differentiated characteristics, 175 exits from, 178 external visibility, 180 interview description, 174 location, 161 map, 175 pedestrians, 180 potential role, 181 slopes, 173 spatial form, 175 street interviews, 174 traffic, 175, 180 uses, 175, 180 views out, 179 visual elements, 179 Seam, 47,65, 100 Sequence, 113 counterpoint, 114 interruptibility, 114 networks, 114 of movements, 131 representation, 159 reversibility, 114 Seven Dials, London, 136 Shipton, E. E., 11 Simplicity of form, 105 de Silva, H. R., 11 Singularity, 105 Sketch maps, 144-145 // Boston image derived from, 146 Jersey City derived from, 148 Los Angeles image derived from, Í50 overlaps, 152 structure in, 145 Sky reflection, 132 // Social prestige, effects on image, 144 (see also Class distinctions) // South Seas, 133 Space, hierarchy, 51 impact, 43-44 Spatial regions, 105 Star groups, 132 // Stefánsson, V., 132 Strauss, A. L., 128 Strehlow, C., 134, 139 Structure, of environmental images, 8 flexible, 88 free, 88 // interrelationship with identity, 84

lack of, 125 positional, 88 rigid, 89 Stuart’s Bluff Ranges, 137 Studies, comparative, 156 second-round, 156 Subway stations, 57, 75 (see also Boston nodes) // Symbolic diagram, 11, 158 // Threshold, 144, 145 Tibet, 127 // Holy Mountain, 135 Lake Kholgyal, 135 Lhasa, 124 Tikopia, 126, 129 Marae, 124 Mt. Reani, 134, 137 Time series, 107 // Topography, 110, 131 Touareg, 133, 134 Traffic obstacles, 50 // Training the observer, 11, 117, 120, 158 // Trobriand Islands, 126, 136 Trowbridge, C. C., 136 Tunisia, 134 Twain, M., 134 // Vegetation, 44 (see also Los Angeles) Venice, 10,131, 138 Piazza San Marco, 78, 79 streets, 102 Visibility, 10 (see also Apparency, Legibility, Imageability) // "Visual plan," 116 basis for, 155 Visual scope, 106 // Waddell, L. A., 134 Water, 44 Witkin, H. A., 125 Wohl, R. R„ 128 // Yung, E„ 132 // Credits for Photographs // Nishan Bichajian: Figs. 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, 23, 26, // 28, 29, 30, ?2, 55, 58, 59, 61 Fairchild Aerial Surveys: Figs. 1, 9, 15, 24 // Italian State Tourist Office: Figs. 31, 34 // Gordon Sommers: Figs. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 27, 32