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0 (hodnocen0 x )

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BK

5th ed.

New York : Guilford Press, c2011

xxxi, 667 s., [16] s. obr. příl. : il. (některé barev.), mapy ; 26 cm

ISBN 978-1-60918-176-5 (váz.)

Obsahuje bibliografie a rejstřík

000240291

Contents // Preface XV // List of Tables xix // List of Figures xxi // List of Plates xxxi // PART I. FOUNDATIONS // 1. History and Scope of Remote Sensing 3 // 1.1. Introduction 3 // 1.2. Definitions 4 // 1.3. Milestones in the History of Remote Sensing 7 // 1.4. Overview of the Remote Sensing Process 18 // 1.5. Key Concepts of Remote Sensing 19 // 1.6. Career Preparation and Professional Development 21 // 1.7. Some Teaching and Learning Resources 25 // Review Questions 27 // References 28 // 2. Electromagnetic Radiation 31 // 2.1. Introduction 31 // 2.2. The Electromagnetic Spectrum 31 // 2.3. Major Divisions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum 34 // 2.4. Radiation Laws 36 // 2.5. Interactions with the Atmosphere 38 // 2.6. Interactions with Surfaces 48 // 2.7. Summary: Three Models for Remote Sensing 54 // 2.8. Some Teaching and Learning Resources 56 Review Questions 56 // References 57 // PART II. IMAGE ACQUISITION // 3. Mapping Cameras 61 // 3.1. Introduction 61 // 3.2. Fundamentals of the Aerial Photograph 62 // 3. Geometry of the Vertical Aerial Photograph 66 // 4. Digital Aerial Cameras 72 // 5. Digital Scanning of Analog Images 77 // 6. Comparative Characteristics of Digital and Analog Imagery // 7. Spectral Sensitivity 79 // 8. Band Combinations: Optical Imagery 80 // 9. Coverage by Multiple Photographs 84 // 10. Photogrammetry 90 // 11. Sources of Aerial Photography 91 // 12. Summary 94 // 13. Some Teaching and Learning Resources 94 // Review Questions 95 //References 95 // Your Own Infrared Photographs 97 Your Own 3D Photographs 98 Your Own Kite Photography 99 // Digital Imagery // 1. Introduction 101 // 2. Electronic Imagery 101 // 3. Spectral Sensitivity 106 // 4. Digital Data 109 // 5. Data Formats 111 // 6. Band Combinations: Multispectral Imagery 115 //7. Image Enhancement 117 // 8. Image Display 121 //9. Image Processing Software 125 // 10. Summary 128 //11. Some Teaching and Learning Resources 128 //

Review Questions 128 // References 129 // Image Interpretation // 1. Introduction 130 //2. The Context for Image Interpretation 131 //3. Image Interpretation Tasks 132 //4. Elements of Image Interpretation 133 // Collateral Information 138 // Imagery Interpretability Rating Scales 138 // Image Interpretation Keys 139 //8. Interpretive Overlays 139 //9. The Significance of Context 140 // 10. Stereovision 143 //11. Data Transfer 147 //12. Digital Photointerpretation 147 //13. Image Scale Calculations 148 //14. Summary 151 //15. Some Teaching and Learning Resources 152 // Review Questions 152 // References 153 // 158 // 6. Land Observation Satellites // 6.1. Satellite Remote Sensing 158 // 6.2. Landsat Origins 159 // 6.3. Satellite Orbits 160 // 6.4. The Landsat System 162 // 6.5. Multispectral Scanner Subsystem 167 // 6.6. Landsat Thematic Mapper 172 // 6.7. Administration of the Landsat Program 176 // 6.8. Current Satellite Systems 178 // 6.9. Data Archives and Image Research 192 // 6.10. Summary 194 // 6.11. Some Teaching and Learning Resources 195 // Review Questions 195 // References 196 // CORONA 198 //7. Active Microwave // 7.1. Introduction 204 // 7.2. Active Microwave 204 // 7.3. Geometry of the Radar Image 208 // 7.4. Wavelength 212 // 7.5. Penetration of the Radar Signal 212 // 7.6. Polarization 214 // 7.7. Look Direction and Look Angle 215 // 7.8. Real Aperture Systems 217 // 7.9. Synthetic Aperture Systems 219 // 7.10. Interpreting Brightness Values 221 // 7.11. Satellite Imaging Radars 226 // 7.12. Radar Interferometry 236 // 7.13. Summary 239 //7.14. Some Teaching and Learning Resources 239 // Review Questions 240 // References 241 //8. Lidar // 8.1. Introduction 243 // 8.2. Profiling Lasers 244 // 8.3. Imaging Lidars 245 // 8.4. Lidar Imagery 247 //

8.5. Types of Imaging Lidars 247 // 8.6. Processing Lidar Image Data 249 // 8.7. Summary 253 // 8.8. Some Teaching and Learning Resources 254 // Review Questions 254 // References 255 // 204 // 243 // 9. Thermal Imagery // 9.1. Introduction 257 // 9.2. Thermal Detectors 258 // 9.3. Thermal Radiometry 260 // 9.4. Microwave Radiometers 263 // 9.5. Thermal Scanners 263 // 9.6. Thermal Properties of Objects 265 // 9.7. Geometry of Thermal Images 268 // 9.8. The Thermal Image and Its Interpretation 269 // 9.9. Heat Capacity Mapping Mission 277 // 9.10. Landsat Multispectral Scanner and Thematic Mapper Thermal Data 279 // 9.11. Summary 280 // 9.12. Some Teaching and Learning Resources 281 // Review Questions 282 // References 283 // Image Resolution // 10.1. Introductionand Definitions 285 // 10.2. Target Variables 286 // 10.3. System Variables 287 // 10.4. Operating Conditions 287 // 10.5. Measurement of Resolution 288 // 10.6. Mixed Pixels 290 // 10.7. Spatial and Radiometric Resolution: Simple Examples 294 // 10.8. Interactions with the Landscape 296 // 10.9. Summary 298 // Review Questions 298 // References 299 // PART III. ANALYSIS // Preprocessing // 11.1. Introduction 305 // 11.2. Radiometric Preprocessing 305 // 11.3. Some More Advanced Atmospheric Correction Tools 308 // 11.4. Calculating Radiances from DNs 311 // 11.5. Estimation of Top of Atmosphere Reflectance 312 // 11.6. Destriping and Related Issues 313 // 11.7. Identification of Image Features 316 // 11.8. Subsets 320 // 11.9. Geometric Correction by Resampling 321 // 11.10. Data Fusion 326 // 11.11. Image Data Processing Standards 329 // 11.12. Summary 330 Review Questions 330 References 331 // Image Classification // 12.1. Introduction 335 // 12.2. Informational Classes and Spectral Classes 337 // 285 // 305 // 335 // 12.3. Unsupervised Classification 339 // 12.4. Supervised Classification 349 // 12.5. Ancillary Data 364 // 12.6. Fuzzy Clustering 367 //

12.7. Artificial Neural Networks 368 // 12.8. Contextual Classification 370 // 12.9. Object-Oriented Classification 371 // 12.10. Iterative Guided Spectral Class Rejection 373 // 12.11. Summary 373 // 12.12. Some Teaching and Learning Resources 373 Review Questions 374 // References 375 // 13. Field Data // 13.1. Introduction 382 // 13.2. Kinds of Field Data 382 // 13.3. Nominal Data 383 // 13.4. Documentation of Nominal Data 384 // 13.5. Biophysical Data 384 // 13.6. Field Radiometry 387 // 13.7. Unmanned Airborne Vehicles 389 // 13.8. Locational Information 392 // 13.9. Using Locational Information 397 // 13.10. Ground Photography 397 // 13.11. Geographic Sampling 397 // 13.12. Summary 403 // 13.13. Some Teaching and Learning Resources 403 // Review Questions 403 // References 404 // 14. Accuracy Assessment // 14.1. Definition and Significance 408 // 14.2. Sources of Classification Error 410 // 14.3. Error Characteristics 411 // 14.4. Measurement of Map Accuracy 412 // 14.5. Interpretation of the Error Matrix 418 // 14.6. Summary 424 // Review Questions 425 // References 426 // 15. Hyperspectral Remote Sensing // 15.1. Introduction 429 // 15.2. Spectroscopy 429 // 15.3. Hyperspectral Remote Sensing 430 // 15.4. The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer // 15.5. The Image Cube 431 // 15.6. Spectral Libraries 432 // 15.7. Spectral Matching 433 // 15.8. Spectral Mixing Analysis 434 // 15.9. Spectral Angle Mapping 437 // 15.10. Analyses 437 // 15.11. Wavelet Analysis for Hyperspectral Imagery 438 // 15.12. Summary 439 Review Questions 440 References 441 // 16. Change Detection 445 // 16.1. Introduction 445 // 16.2. Bitemporal Spectral Change Detection Techniques 446 // 16.3. Multitemporal Spectral Change Detection 452 // 16.4. Summary 460 Review Questions 460 References 461 // PART IV. APPLICATIONS

// 17. Plant Sciences 465 // 17.1. Introduction 465 // 17.2. Structure of the Leaf 470 // 17.3. Spectral Behavior of the Living Leaf 472 // 17.4. Forestry 476 // 17.5. Agriculture 479 // 17.6. Vegetation Indices 483 // 17.7. Applications of Vegetation Indices 484 // 17.8. Phenology 485 // 17.9. Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer 487 // 17.10. Conservation Tillage 489 // 17.11. Land Surface Phenology 491 // 17.12. Separating Soil Reflectance from Vegetation Reflectance 493 // 17.13. Tasseled Cap Transformation 495 // 17.14. Foliar Chemistry 498 // 17.15. Lidar Data for Forest Inventory and Structure 500 // 17.16. Precision Agriculture 501 // 17.17. Remote Sensing for Plant Pathology 502 // 17.18. Summary 506 // 17.19. Some Teaching and Learning Resources 506 // Review Questions 507 // References 508 // 18. Earth Sciences 517 // 18.1. Introduction 517 // 18.2. Photogeology 518 // 18.3. Drainage Patterns 521 // 18.4. Lineaments 523 // 18.5. Geobotany 527 // 18.6. Direct Multispectral Observation of Rocks and Minerals 531 // 18.7. Photoclinometry 533 // 18.8. Band Ratios 534 // 18.9. Soil and Landscape Mapping 537 // 18.10. Integrated Terrain Units 540 // 18.11. Wetlands Inventory 542 // 18.12. Radar Imagery for Exploration 542 // 18.13. Summary 543 // 18.14. Some Teaching and Learning Resources 543 Review Questions 543 // References 544 // 19. Hydrospheric Sciences // 19.1. Introduction 549 // 19.2. Spectral Characteristics of Water Bodies 550 // 19.3. Spectral Changes as Water Depth Increases 553 // 19.4. Location and Extent of Water Bodies 555 // 19.5. Roughness of the Water Surface 557 // 19.6. Bathymetry 558 // 19.7. Landsat Chromaticity Diagram 564 // 19.8. Drainage Basin Hydrology 567 // 19.9. Evapotranspiration 570 //19.10. Manual Interpretation 571 // 19.11. Sea Surface Temperature 575 // 19.12. Lidar Applications for Hydrospheric Studies 576 // 19.13. Summary 577 //

19.14. Some Teaching and Learning Resources 578 Review Questions 579 // References 580 // 20. Land Use and Land Cover //20.1. Introduction 585 // 20.2. Aerial Imagery for Land Use Information 586 // 20.3. Land Use Classification 587 // 20.4. Visual Interpretation of Land Use and Land Cover 588 // 20.5. Land Use Change by Visual Interpretation 596 // 20.6. Historical Land Cover Interpretation for Environmental Analysis 597 // 20.7. Other Land Use Classification Systems 599 // 20.8. Land Cover Mapping by Image Classification 601 // 20.9. Broad-Scale Land Cover Studies 603 // 20.10. Sources of Compiled Land Use Data 604 // 20.11. Summary 606 // 20.12. Some Teaching and Learning Resources 608 Review Questions 608 // References 609 // 21. Global Remote Sensing // 21.1. Introduction 614 // 21.2. Biogeochemical Cycles 614 // 21.3. Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer 621 // xiv Contents // 21.4. Earth Observing System 622 // 21.5. Earth Observing System Instruments 623 // 21.6. Earth Observing System Bus 627 // 21.7. Earth Observing System Data and Information System 629 // 21.8. Long-Term Environmental Research Sites 630 // 21.9. Earth Explorer 631 // 21.10. Global Monitoring for Environment and Security 632 // 21.11. Gridded Global Population Data 633 // 21.12. Summary 634 // 21.13. Some Teaching and Learning Resources 634 Review Questions 635 // References 635 // Conclusion. The Outlook for the Field of Remote Sensing: // The View from 2011 // Index // About the Authors // 639 // 643 // 667