.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

BK

1st pub.

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, c2010

xii, 433 s. : il. ; 26 cm

ISBN 978-0-521-87415-1 (váz.)

Obsahuje bibliografii na s. 371-415, bibliografické odkazy a rejstříky

000240562

Contents // Preface роде х* // I Foundations 1 // 1 Introduction З // 1.1 Overview 4 // 1.2 History of Machine Translation 14 // 1.3 Applications 20 // 1.4 Available Resources 23 // 1.5 Summary 26 // 2 Words, Sentences, Corpora 33 // 2.1 Words 33 // 2.2 Sentences 45 // 2.3 Corpora 53 // 2.4 Summary 57 // 3 Probability Theory 63 // 3.1 Estimating Probability Distributions 63 // 3.2 Calculating Probability Distributions 67 // 3.3 Properties of Probability Distributions 71 // 3.4 Summary 75 // II Core Methods 79 // 4 Word-Based Models 81 // 4.1 Machine Translation by Translating Words 81 // 4.2 Learning Lexical Translation Models 87 // 4.3 Ensuring Fluent Output 94 // 4.4 Higher IBM Models 96 // 4.5 Word Alignment 113 // 4.6 Summary 118 // vii // viii Contents // 5 Phrase-Based Models 127 // 5.1 Standard Model 127 // 5.2 Learning a Phrase Translation Table 130 // 5.3 Extensions to the Translation Model 136 // 5.4 Extensions to the Reordering Model 142 // 5.5 EM Training of Phrase-Based Models 145 // 5.6 Summary 148 // 6 Decoding 155 // 6.1 Translation Process 156 // 6.2 Beam Search 158 // 6.3 Future Cost Estimation 167 // 6.4 Other Decoding Algorithms 172 // 6.5 Summary 176 // 7 Language Models 181 // 7.1 N-Gram Language Models 182 // 7.2 Count Smoothing 188 // 7.3 Interpolation and Back-off 196 // 7.4 Managing the Size of the Model 204 // 7.5 Summary 212 // 8 Evaluation 217 // 8.1 Manual Evaluation 218 // 8.2 Automatic Evaluation 222 // 8.3 Hypothesis Testing

232 // 8.4 Task-Oriented Evaluation 237 // 8.5 Summary 240 // III Advanced Topics 247 // 9 Discriminative Training 249 // 9.1 Finding Candidate Translations 250 // 9.2 Principles of Discriminative Methods 255 // 9.3 Parameter Tuning 263 // 9.4 Large-Scale Discriminative Training 272 // 9.5 Posterior Methods and System Combination 278 // 9.6 Summary 283 // 10 Integrating Linguistic Information 289 // 10.1 Transliteration 291 // 10.2 Morphology 296 // 10.3 Syntactic Restructuring 302 // Contents // 10.4 Syntactic Features 310 // 10.5 Factored Translation Models 314 // 10.6 Summary 320 // 11 Tree-Based Models 331 // 11.1 Synchronous Grammars 331 // 11.2 Learning Synchronous Grammars 337 // 11.3 Decoding by Parsing 346 // 11.4 Summary 363 // Bibliography Author Index Index // 371 // 416 // 427