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0 (hodnocen0 x )

(0.5) Půjčeno:3x 

BK

2nd ed.

Heidelberg : Springer, c2012

xx, 407 s. : barev. il., 1 portrét ; 24 cm

ISBN 978-3-642-25211-2 (váz.)

Obsahuje bibliografii na s. 377-389, bibliografické odkazy a rejstřík

000241389

Contents // 1 Nature and Subject of Biophysics ... 1 // 2 Molecular Structure of Biological Systems ... 5 // 2.1 Thermal Molecular Movement, Order and Probability ... 6 // 2.1.1 Thermodynamic Probability and Entropy ... 7 // 2.1.2 Information and Entropy ... 9 // 2.1.3 Biological Structures: General Aspects ... 14 // 2.1.4 Distribution of Molecular Energy and Velocity // at Equilibrium ... 16 // 2.1.5 Energy of Activation, Theory of Absolute Reaction Rate ... 19 // 2.1.6 Kinds of Thermal Molecular Movement ... 26 // 2.2 Molecular and Ionic Interactions as the Basis for the Formation // of Biological Structures ... 33 // 2.2.1 Some Foundations of Electrostatics ... 33 // 2.2.2 The Structure of Water and Ionic Hydration ... 39 // 2.2.3 Interaction of Water with Macromolecules ... 43 // 2.2.4 Ions in Aqueous Solutions, the Debye-Huckel Radius ... 47 // 2.2.5 Intermolecular Interactions ... 50 // 2.2.6 Structure of Proteins ... 56 // 2.2.7 Protein Folding and Protein Dynamics ... 59 // 2.2.8 Ampholytes in Solution, the Acid-Base Equilibrium ... 63 // 2.3 Interfacial Phenomena and Membranes ... 67 // 2.3.1 Surface and Interfacial Tensions ... 67 // 2.3.2 Orientation of Molecules at Phase Boundaries; // Self-Assembly of Membranes ... 70 // 2.3.3 The Molecular Structure of Biological Membranes ... 74 // 2.3.4 Mechanical Properties of Biological Membranes ... 76 // 2.3.5 Electrical Double Layers and Electrokinetic Phenomena ... 80 // 2.3.6 The Electrostatic Structure of the Membrane ...

88 // xi // Contents // 0,0 // X11 // 3 Energetics and Dynamics of Biological Systems ... 95 // 3.1 Some Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics ... 95 // 3.1.1 Systems, Parameters, and State Functions ... 96 // 3.1.2 Gibbs Fundamental Equation ... 99 // 3.1.3 Force and Motion ... 106 // 3.1.4 Entropy, Stability, and Stationary States ... 112 // 3.1.5 Stochastic Resonance and Noise-Enhanced Processes ... 120 // 3.1.6 Thermodynamic Basis of Biochemical Reactions ... 124 // 3.2 The Aqueous and Ionic Equilibrium of the Living Cell ... 127 // 3.2.1 The Van’t Hoff Equation for Osmotic Pressure ... 127 // 3.2.2 Osmotic Pressure in Cells and Biologically // Relevant Fluids ... 133 // 3.2.3 Electrochemical Equilibrium: The Nernst Equation ... 138 // 3.2.4 The Donnan Equilibrium: Basic Properties ... 143 // 3.2.5 The Donnan Equilibrium in Biological Systems ... 146 // 3.3 Phenomenological Analysis of Fluxes ... 150 // 3.3.1 The Flux of Uncharged Substances ... 150 // 3.3.2 Fluxes of Electrolytes ... 157 // 3.3.3 The Diffusion Potential ... 162 // 3.4 Membrane Transport and Membrane Potential ... 165 // 3.4.1 Channels and Pumps: The Variety of Cellular Transport // Mechanisms ... 165 // 3.4.2 The Network of Cellular Transporters ... 168 // 3.4.3 The Membrane Potential ... 171 // 3.4.4 The Action Potential ... 176 // 3.4.5 Molecular Aspects of Membrane Transport ... 181 // 3.5 Electric Fields in Cells and Organisms ... 185 // 3.5.1 The Electric Structure of the Living Organism ...

185 // 3.5.2 Extracellular Electric Fields and Currents ... 187 // 3.5.3 Passive Electrical Properties of Tissue and Cell // Suspensions ... 192 // 3.5.4 Single Cells in External Electric Fields ... 197 // 3.5.5 Manipulation of Cells by Electric Fields ... 202 // 3.6 Mechanical Properties of Biological Materials ... 207 // 3.6.1 Some Basic Properties of Fluids ... 208 // 3.6.2 The Viscosity of Biological Fluids ... 212 // 3.6.3 Viscoelastic Properties of Biomaterials ... 215 // 3.6.4 The Biomechanics of the Human Body ... 220 // 3.7 Biomechanics of Fluid Behavior ... 225 // 3.7.1 Laminar and Turbulent Flows ... 225 // 3.7.2 Biomechanics of Blood Circulation ... 228 // 3.7.3 Swimming and Flying ... 234 // 3.8 Allometric Considerations of Structure and Function ... 239 // Contents xiii // 4 Physical Factors of the Environment ... 245 // 4.1 Temperature ... 246 // 4.2 Pressure ... 252 // 4.3 Mechanical Oscillations ... 254 // 4.3.1 Vibration ... 254 // 4.3.2 Sound ... 258 // 4.3.3 The Biophysics of Hearing ... 261 // 4.3.4 Infrasound ... 268 // 4.3.5 Ultrasound ... 269 // 4.3.6 Biophysics of Sonar Systems ... 274 // 4.4 The Static Magnetic Field ... 278 // 4.5 The Electrostatic Field ... 286 // 4.6 Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields ... 291 // 4.6.1 Physical Background and Dosimetry ... 291 // 4.6.2 Biological Effects and Biophysical Background ... 294 // 4.7 Radio- and Microwave Electromagnetic Fields ... 298 // 4.7.1 Physical Background and Dosimetry ... 298 // 4.7.2 Biophysical

Aspects of High-Frequency Field // Interaction ... 300 // 4.8 Visible and Nonvisible Optical Radiation ... 303 // 4.8.1 THz and Infrared: The Vibration-Inducing Frequencies ... 305 // 4.8.2 Visible Light: Processes of Excitation and Energy // Transfer ... 307 // 4.8.3 Visible Light: Photobiological Processes ... 310 // 4.8.4 Ultraviolet: The Transition to Ionizing Radiation ... 314 // 4.9 Ionizing Radiation ... 317 // 4.9.1 Nature, Properties, and Dosimetry of Radiation ... 317 // 4.9.2 Primary Processes of Radiation Chemistry ... 320 // 4.9.3 Radiobiological Reactions ... 324 // 4.9.4 Some Aspects of Radiation Protection ... 327 // 4.9.5 Mathematical Models of Primary Radiobiological // Effects ... 329 // 5 The Kinetics of Biological Systems ... 333 // 5.1 Some General Aspects of Systems Theory ... 334 // 5.1.1 Basic Equations of Kinetic Processes ... 334 // 5.1.2 General Features of System Behavior ... 338 // 5.1.3 The Graph-Theory as an Topological Approach // to Describe Complex Network Systems ... 343 // 5.1.4 Systems with Feedback Regulation ... 346 // xiv // Contents // 5.2 Model Approaches to Some Complex Biological Processes ... 350 // 5.2.1 Models of Biochemical Reactions ... 350 // 5.2.2 Pharmacokinetic Models ... 355 // 5.2.3 Models of Propagation and Ecological Interactions ... 357 // 5.2.4 Models of Growth and Differentiation ... 362 // 5.2.5 Models of Origin and Evolution of Life ... 366 // 5.2.6 Models of Neuronal Processes ... 370 // References ... 377 // Subject

Index ... 391