.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

BK

2nd ed.

London : Chapman & Hall, 1998

viii, 300 s. : il., mapy ; 24 cm

ISBN 0-412-74180-6 (váz.) ISBN !978-0-412-74180-7 (chyb.)

Obsahuje bibliografii na s. [253]-286 a rejstřík

000241424

Preface ix // 1 Introduction 1 // 1.1 Distinguishing features of aphids 1 // 1.2 Origin of aphids 2 // 1.3 Host plant associations 4 // 1.4 Classification 6 // 1.5 Distribution 6 // 2 Feeding behaviour and food quality 8 // 2.1 Feeding behaviour 8 // 2.2 Food quality 13 // 2.2.1 Osmoregulation 14 // 2.3 Nitrogen metabolism 15 // 2.3.1 Feeding rate and assimilation 16 // 2.4 Symbionts 17 // 2.4.1 Role in upgrading food quality 19 // 2.4.2 Recycling of nitrogen 23 // 2.4.3 Nitrogen economy 23 // 2.4.4 Presence in male and soldier aphids 25 // 3 Host specificity and speciation 27 // 3.1 Proximate factors in host selection 28 // 3.1.1 Host location 28 // 3.1.2 Host recognition 29 // 3.1.3 Morphological characteristics 30 // 3.1.4 Chemical characteristics 32 // 3.2 Food quality 38 // 3.2.1 Variation in space 38 // 3.2.2 Variation in time 43 // 3.3 Evolution of host specificity 45 // 3.3.1 Host plant utilization hypothesis 46 // 3.3.2 Optimal host range hypothesis 47 // 3.3.3 Rendezvous host hypothesis 50 // 3.4 Speciation 52 // VI CONTENTS // 4 Size 59 // 4.1 Size within a species 60 // 4.2 Optimum body size 64 // 4.3 Species size diversity 65 // 4.4 Geometrical similarity 70 // 4.4.1 Intraspecific relationships 70 // 4.4.2 Interspecific relationships 71 // 4.5 Size of migrants 73 // 4.6 Reproduction 76 // 5 Resource tracking: mechanism - cyclical parthenogenesis 82 // 5.1 Telescoping of generations 83 // 5.2 Intra-clonal variation 84 // 5.3 Adaptability of aphid clones85 // 5.4 Genetic structure 86 // 5.5 Sex 89 // 5.6 Why reproduce sexually? 89 // 5.7 Timing of sex 92 // 5.8 Sex ratios 92 // 5.9 Mate guarding 97 // 5.10 Why lay eggs? 97 // 6 Resource tracking: mechanism - polyphenism 100 // 6.1 Defence 102 // 6.2 Dispersal 104 // 6.2.1 What constitutes a crowd? 104 // 6.2.2 Host quality 105 // 6.2.3 Day length 107 // 6.2.4 Maternal control 109 //

6.2.5 Multiplicity of cues 112 // 6.3 Reproduction 112 // 6.4 Parthenogenetic reproduction 112 // 6.5 Sexual reproduction 114 // 6.5.1 Extrinsic factors 114 // 6.5.2 Maternal control 116 // 6.5.3 Aphid clocks 116 // 6.6 Aestivation and hibernation 118 // 6.7 Ecological patterns 122 // 6.7.1 Defence by ‘soldiers’ 122 // 6.7.2 Dispersal 124 // 6.7.3 Macroptery 124 // 7 Resource tracking in time 128 // 7.1 Host alternation 128 // 7.2 The historical debate 129 // 7.2.1 Acquisition of primary hosts 135 // 7.2.2 Secondary autoecy and the maladaptive nature of heteroecy 137 // 7.2.3 Broader host plant range of summer morphs 138 // 7.2.4 Evolutionary infidelity of summer morphs 139 // 7.2.5 Two-year life cycles 140 // 7.2.6 Alternation between host taxa that are not // complementary in growth or architecture 142 // 7.2.7 Rarity of host alternation 142 // 7.2.8 Fundatrix specialization 143 // 7.2.9 Nutritional quality of the secondary host plant 146 // 7.2.10 The progressional acquisition of more recently // evolved taxa 146 // 7.3 Experimental evidence 147 // 7.4 Autoecious way of life 151 // 7.4.1 Food quality 151 // 7.4.2 Temporal changes in environmental quality 153 // 7.4.3 Resource partitioning 159 // 7.4.4 Natural enemies 159 // 7.4.5 Resource tracking 160 // 7.5 Generation-specific strategies 161 // 7.6 Habitat predictability and tactical diversity 164 // 7.7 Response to habitat quality 167 // 8 Resource tracking in space 171 // 8.1 Mechanisms 171 // 8.1.1 Take-off 171 // 8.1.2 Settling 175 // 8.1.3 Migratory urge 175 // 8.1.4 Differential migration 177 // 8.2 Timing 179 // 8.2.1 Daily patterns 179 // 8.2.2 Seasonal patterns 181 // 8.3 Distance travelled 182 // 8.4 Adaptive significance 186 // 9 Population dynamics 189 // 9.1 Dynamics of aerial populations 189 // 9.2 Intensive studies 192 // 9.3 Patterns 192 // 9.4 Processes 195 // 9.5 Natural enemies 200 //

9.6 Intraspecific differences in abundance 204 // 9.7 Interspecific differences in abundance 206 // 9.8 Abundance and global warming 207 // 9.9 Forecasting of pest aphid outbreaks 209 // 9.9.1 Green spruce aphid 209 // 9.9.2 Cereal aphids 210 // 9.9.3 Green peach aphid and sugar beet yellows 212 // 9.9.4 Black bean aphid 213 // 9.10 Spatial dynamics 215 // 10 Community structure and species diversity 221 // 10.1 Mutualism between plants and aphids 221 // 10.2 Aphids and plant growth 222 // 10.3 Aphids and the seeding of plants 225 // 10.4 Ants and plant fitness 226 // 10.5 Mutualism between aphids and ants 228 // 10.6 Endophyte-enhanced plant resistance to aphids 232 // 10.7 Energy and nutrient flow 232 // 10.8 Competition 233 // 10.9 Species diversity and plant architectural complexity 236 // 10.10 Size diversity 237 // 10.11 Distribution, abundance and variability 239 // 10.12 Rarity 245 // 10.13 Why are there so few species of aphids, especially in the tropics? 246 // 11 Epilogue 251 // References 253 // Index 287