1 INTRODUCTION 7 // 2 DEFINING SPIRITUALITY 11 // 3 FROM LOOKOUTTO ASHRAM: GARY SNYDER’S SPIRITUAL QUEST // 4 IDENTITY 23 // 4.1 The nature of the self 23 // 4.2 The mind as the wilderness // 4.3 The wild body and erotics 33 // 5 COMMUNITY 39 // 5.1 The nature of nature: Other, Another, or our Mother? 39 // 5.2 The sense of place: where a community starts 43 // 5.3 Kitkitdizze: Snyder’s place in space 46 // 5.4 From ego-centrism to eco-centrism: belonging without possessing.48 // 5.5 Sangha: the community of all beings 52 // 5.6 The magic of energy sharing: the food web // 6 DIVINITY // 6.1 Enlightenment: the goal? // 6.2 The practice toward Enlightenment 68 // 6.3 The practice of ecstasy: sacred touch of shamanism // 6.4 Animal shamans as bearers of myth and man’s psychic life // 6.5 White shamanism 80 // 7 INTEGRITY 83 // 8 CONCLUSION 95 // WORKS CITED LIST 97 // ABSTRAKT 106 // ABSTRACT 107 // GLOSSARY 108 // INDEX // 1 IO