.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

(18) Půjčeno:16x 

BK

1st pub.

London ; New York : Continuum, 2012

xii, 267 s. : il., faksim. ; 24 cm

ISBN 978-1-4411-4799-8 (brož.)

ISBN 978-1-4411-2090-8 (váz.)

Continuum discourse series

Obsahuje bibliografii na s. [251]-262 a rejstřík

000241745

CONTENTS // List of tables viii List of figures xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xiv // 1 Introduction 1 // 2 News discourse in context 19 // 3 News values 39 // 4 Language in the news 84 // 5 Images in the news 111 // 6 Evaluation in the news 137 // 7 Balancing act: image composition 160 // 8 The big picture: a case study of stand-alones in print news 181 // 9 Killing Osama: a case study of online news 197 // Appendix 1 Tables 219 // Appendix 2 Evaluation in the news - a model student assignment 229 // References 251 // Index 263 // LIST OF TABLES // 1.1 Online, print, radio and TV news discourse 3 // 1.2 A guide to theoretical approaches to the study // of news discourse 12 // 2.1 Producer roles 22 // 2.2 Producers of language and image, their roles and labels 24 // 2.3 Audience roles 25 // 2.4 Sample advertisements in the Ottawa Sun // and the Globe and Mail 27 // 2.5 A comparison of daily audience figures for // print and online news media 35 // 3.1 Categorizing news ‘values’ 41 // 3.2 News values summary 41 // 3.3 Associations with Australia 50 // 3.4 Summary of linguistic resources that can be // used to construe news values 55 // 3.5 ‘O’Donnell to address D.C. parley’, Washington Times 64 // 3.6 ‘George Michael jailed for drug-driving crash’, // Guardian 66 // 3.7 ‘I went to bed with a migraine and woke up // with a French accent’, Daily Mail 75 // 4.1 Key nouns and adjectives in UK news discourse 86 // 4.2 Types of reported speech 92 // 4.3 Reporting

expressions 93 // 4.4 Structure of the ‘fire story’ from the Boston Herald 99 // 4.5 News headlines from around the world 102 // LIST OF TABLES // ix // 4.6 Verbs in the headlines 103 // 4.7 Radio and TV ‘headlines’ 105 // 4.8 Different ways of structuring the news 106 // 5.1 Timeline of technological advancements 113 // 5.2 Categories for analysing intersemiotic relations 121 // 5.3 Examples of overlap in text-image relations // in moving images 122 // 5.4 An example of displacement in text-image // relations in moving images 123 // 5.5 An example of dichotomy in text-image relations // in moving images 123 // 5.6 An example of a zoom-in shot sequence, from // Overview to Detail 124 // 5.7 Examples of overlap in image/headline relations 128 // 5.8 Image/body text relations in ‘Children OK, jake // injured in blaze’, Boston Herald 130 // 5.9 An example of overlap in image/body text relations 131 // 5.10 Inter- and intrasemiotic relations in the // online news gallery 133 // 6.1 Bases of information 149 // 7.1 Key terminology for discussing composition // and the Balance Framework 164 // 7.2 Examples of typical isolating and iterating // compositional configurations 165 // 7.3 Examples of the isolating compositional configurations 166 // 7.4 Iterating images demonstrating two or more // than two elements 168 // 7.5 Examples of the iterating, dividing compositional // configurations 169 // 7.6 Examples of the iterating, serialising compositional

// configurations 171 // 7.7 Iterating images demonstrating more or // less visual stimulation 172 // 7.8 Unbalanced images and rebalancing effects 174 // x // LIST OF TABLES // 8.1 General quantitative results on the stand-alone corpus 184 // 8.2 Stories sourced from agencies (63 per cent) 185 // 8.3 Pointers to evaluations in the caption text in // stand-alones, Sydney Morning Herald 187 // 8.4 Pointers to evaluations in the headline text in // stand-alones, Sydney Morning Herald 188 // 8.5 Two ‘soft news’ stand-alone stories about the // Oktoberfest 190 // 8.6 Two ‘hard news’ stand-alone stories about the // environment 192 // 9.1 Data collection from BBC/ABC for the case study 199 // 9.2 Screenshots of BBC One-minute World News // and ABC News in 90 Seconds 200 // 9.3 Transcript of the ABC’s News in 90 Seconds // video summary 201 // 9.4 Transcript of the BBC’s One-minute World News // video summary 202 // 9.5 Barack Obama’s address with its recontextualization // in the BBC and ABC bulletins 208 // 9.6 The structure of the BBC and ABC segments // (language only) 210 // Al.l Potential resources for construing news values through // language and image 219 // Al.2 Parameters of evaluation and examples 224 // A1.3 News media outlets 226 // 1 Categories of reporting expressions recognized // in Bednarek (2010) 232 // 2 Sources quoted in the Wall Street Journal news story 238 // // LIST OF FIGURES // 1.1 The New York Times, World section 15 // 2.1 The ‘communicative

context’ of news 20 // 2.2 Producer roles as part of the news story cycle 22 // 2.3 News presenter Jessica Yellin as a hologram on CNN 23 // 2.4 The complexity of audience roles 26 // 2.5 Email alerts - one method of sharing news stories 32 // 2.6 A screen shot of a ‘news’ bulletin on Channel Seven 34 // 3.1 News values, the communicative context and // the construction of text _ 45 // 3.2 Concordance lines demonstrating Novelty // in a news story 47 // 3.3 Front pages on the killing of Osama bin Laden 48 // 3.4 An image construing the news values of // Superlativeness, Negativity and Personalization 60 // 3.5 ‘Bloody end to chase’, Daily Telegraph (Australia) 62 // 3.6 ‘A fiesta for history, the future’, Chicago Tribune 65 // 3.7 ‘Berlusconi’s pep talk to the gold diggers of the world’, // Globe and Mail 67 // 3.8 Online news gallery image sequence 69 // 3.9 ‘Dissident quizzed over murder of criminal’, // Irish Independent 70 // 3.10 ‘Firefighters contain industrial blaze’, // New Zealand Herald 72 // 3.11 ‘Wild’, New York Post 73 // LIST OF FIGURES // xii // 3.12 ‘Calendar boys Businessmen bare all for charity5, // Irish Independent 75 // 3.13 ‘Miners vie to be last man out as rescue // tests begin5, Irish Independent 77 // 3.14 ‘Tragic case of elder abuse5, Ottawa Sun 79 // 3.15 ‘Oh deer, it’s turned out cold again5, // Daily Telegraph (UK) 81 // 4.1 The structure of a ‘typical5 hard news story 97 // 4.2 The Irish Times (online) 104

// 5.1 Story packaging - the evolution of news print // from text-dominance to image-dominance 111 // 5.2 Front pages on the killing of Osama bin Laden 118 // 5.3 ‘Children OK, jake injured in blaze5, Boston Herald 125 // 6.1 Parameters of evaluation 139 // 7.1 Visual representations of the Golden Ratio, // Rule of Thirds and Dynamic Asymmetry 162 // 7.2 The hand creates a golden section in relation to the arm 162 // 7.3 The Balance Framework 164 // 7.4 A well-balanced image taken in difficult circumstances 177 // 7.5 A dramatic event that is also construed // as ‘beautiful5 through composition and aesthetic appeal 178 // 7.6 An example stand-alone dominates the page 179 // 8.1 ‘Dry hard with a vengeance5: An example // stand-alone story 182 // 8.2 Compositional configurations in stand-alones // from the Sydney Morning Herald 186 // INDEX // addressee see audience adverbials 52, 89, 205 advertising, // advertising revenue 29, 30, 32, 33 and audience 26-8, 32 and editorial content 33-4 firewalls 33-4 // aesthetics 61, 80, 117-18, 160-3, 168, 175-80, 193,223 affect see emotion agenda setting 12, 31, 195 allusion 56, 101 see also stand-alones appraisal see evaluation Appraisal Theory 138, 144, 156 attitude see evaluation attributing expressions see reporting expressions // attribution 91, 98, 99, 101, 103, // 149,150, 152, 167-8,209-10 see also evidentially; reported speech audience, // audience design 7, 26,145 audience figures 26, 28, 35 circulation 33, 35 discursive construction

26-8, 38, 95, 145 see also audience design fragmentation 25, 32 participation 25, 31-2, 199 roles 25-8 // stratification 25-6, 28 target audience 7, 25-8, 145 audio slideshow 119 Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) 31,197-218 authority 32, 198, 214-15 authorship see news process; producer roles // balance framework 160, 163-73 and aesthetics 175-9 isolating 164-8 iterating 168-73 unbalanced images 173-5 beliefs 150, 152-3 see also parameters of evaluation bias 94, 157 blogs 30, 31 // breaking news 31, 106, 120, 212 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 31-2,197-218 broadcast news 104-7, 119, 140, // 155-6 see also radio; television broadsheets 18, 28, 94-5 see also quality press business news 95 // CCTV footage 24 citizen journalism 21, 30 codes of ethics see ethics codes of practice 35-7 comparison 45, 47, 53, 56, 59, 68, 76, 187, 193 // composition see balance framework comprehensibility see parameters of evaluation // consciousness industry 36 constructed week 14 content analysis 13,157 content theory 13 context, // communicative context 20-8, 45 see also audience; producer roles socio-historical context 28-38, 111-18 // contrast 46, 74, 147, 187 conversation analysis 8 // 264 // INDEX // copy editor see producer roles corpus design 14 // corpus linguistics 9,10, 50, 85, 186 counterfactuals 156-7 critical discourse analysis 10, 89 critical linguistics 10 // data collection 13-14, 199 deadlines see news cycle defamation laws 36, 91 deixis 104,121,131 determiner deletion

7, 101 diachronic approach 9 digital revolution 25, 30-3 disaster vocabulary see negative vocabulary // dramatization 57, 62-3, 117, 131, 178, 212 // editing 46,124 see also producer roles editor see producer roles editorials 9, 94 electoral reporting 151 emotion 12, 48, 53, 54, 59, 76-7, 78, 94, 117, 145-6,150-1, 153-4, 212, 213 see also parameters of evaluation // emotivity see parameters of evaluation entextualization 9 // environmental news 43, 73-4, 191-5 ethics 36 // ethnographic approach 9 evaluation 46-7, 58-9, 68, 117, 13759,186-8,190-1, 193-4,214 see also news values; parameters of evaluation // evaluative language 46-7, 154, 186-7 see also evaluation // evaluative parameters see parameters of evaluation // evidentiality 90-4, 148-52 see also intertextuality; parameters of evaluation; reported speech // exaggeration 74 see also intensification expectedness see parameters of evaluation // feature stories 80 // figures 90, 187, 205-6 // financing issues 33-5 // firewalls 33-4 // framing 11, 100 // freedom of information laws 36 // genres 8, 94-5, 105-7,109-10 // see also hard news; soft news; stand-alones // Gestalt psychology 161, 168,171,176 global financial crisis 30 golden mean 162 golden ratio 161-2 graduation see intensification graphics 120 // hard news 96-100,155, 191-5 see also voice // headlines 23, 96-7, 100-4, 127-9,188 and allusion 182, 185, 191, 193-4 online 104-5, 119, 132-4 screamer 118 // history of news 28-38 see also context; diachronic approach // importance

see parameters of evaluation // intensification 44, 47, 49, 51, 54-5, // 59, 72-4, 76, 156, 187-8, 190-1, 193,205,212-13 interactives 120 international news 95, 198 internet see digital revolution; online news // intertextuality 13, 50, 90, 205-6, 212 see also allusion; evidentiality interview see news interview intro see lead // inverted pyramid 100 see also news story iPad 31 irony 154 // jeders 24 // journalistic norms 36, 38 journalistic responsibility 36 journalists 22-3, 30-1, 37, 45 see also producer roles multiskilled 24 // INDEX // 265 // layout 101, 118-19 // lead 96-100 // local news 5, 14, 42, 52 // manipulation 21 mass communication 25 media regulation 35-7 media theories 12-13 medium theory 13 mental state see parameters of evaluation // metaphor 50-1, 54, 213 modality 87, 109, 155, 158-9 epistemic 146 deontic 142-4 dynamic 142-4 // multimodality 2, 14-15, 18, 107 multiplatform journalism 24 // narrative see news story // necessity see parameters of evaluation // negation 74, 147-8,186-7 // negative vocabulary 48 // negativity see news values // neutrality see objectivity // news, // agencies 21, 184-5 angle 97, 100, 127, 157, 209 conferences 20 cycles 20, 40, 41, 107 definition 2-5 // genres see genres; news story hook see news angle interview 8, 26, 89,104, 109-10, 140, 153-4,155 outlets 13, 17 outputs 13 process 9, 20-1 // story 96-100 see also genres; news process // image-nuclear news story 80, 182 see also stand-alones style see news language ticker 34, 105-6

updates 106-7 websites see websites writing see news language news language, adverbials 52, 89, 205 // evidentiality and intertextuality 90-4 figures and numbers 90 interaction with other factors 107 news writing objectives 84 nouns and noun phrases 85-7 variation in 94-6 verbs 87-9 // news values 39-83, 87,100, 101, 138, 188, 190-1,193,212-14 types of, aesthetics 80 attribution 43, 141 brevity 40 clarity 40 co-option 40 colour 40 competition 40 composition 40 consonance 43, 67-9, 147, 189, // 191.213 continuity 40 eliteness see prominence facticity 90 // impact 43, 72-4, 98,126, 212, 213 negativity 42, 69-72,126, 143, 177, 212, 213 // novelty 43-4, 74-5, 187, 188, 212-13 // personalization 44, 78-80, 91, // 98, 114,153, 193,213 predictability 40 prefabrication 40 prominence 43, 65-7, 87, 126, // 141.212.213 proximity 42-3, 64-5, 98 recency see timeliness superlativeness 44, 76-7, 90, 98, // 176, 178, 188,190, 193,212, // 213 // timeliness 42, 63-4, 120, 188, // 212.213 // unambiguity see clarity unexpectedness see novelty newsbites 106, 119, 184 newspaper style guides see style guides newspaper writing 85-104 newsroom hierarchy // see producer roles newsworthiness see news values // 266 // INDEX // non-volition 152-3, 154 // see also parameters of evaluation noun phrase 52-3, 85-7, 101, 205 numbers see figures // objectivity 8, 36, 84, 91, 94, 115, 144, 155-6,187-8, 214 see also bias online news 3, 15, 35, 104-7, 119-20 see also digital revolution ABC News in 90 Seconds 198-200

BBC One-minute World News 198-200 news galleries 32, 69, 132-4 video news summaries 197-218 opinion see evaluation output theory 12 ownership 36-7 // parameters of evaluation 137-59 // see also evaluation; evaluative language // participant roles see producer roles personalization see news values phone hacking scandal 36, 90 place 52, 55, 60, 89,101,129, 205 podcasts see radio popular press 18, 29, 74, 80, 93, 95 see also tabloids positive news 42 possibility see parameters of evaluation // practice-focused approach 8-9 pragmatics 8 press photographs, composition 160-80 // see also balance framework functions of 112-18 aesthetic 117-18 evaluation 117 evidence 115 icon 116-17 illustration 114-15 sensation 115-16 and news values see news values technological advances 113-14 and text-image relations see textimage relations press photography see press photographs // press releases 21, 45 producer roles 20-4, 32 pronouns 52, 55,85 proximity see news values public broadcasting 197-217 public relations 21 puns 101 see also stand-alones // quality press 18,46,93,95 see also broadsheets quantification 47, 49, 51, 55, 76, 187-8, 190,193,212-13 quotation see reported speech // radio see also broadcast news evaluations in 137-59 headlines 104-5 podcasts 32, 140 readership see audience reliability see parameters of evaluation reported speech 88, 91-3 // see also evidentiality; intertextuality; parameters of evaluation // reporters see journalists reporting expressions 91-4, 155 response theory

12, 157 role labels 52-3, 56, 61, 66 rule of thirds 162 // sampling see constructed week; corpus design; data collection scare quotes 92-3 schemata see scripts scoop 40 see also news values scripts 49, 213 // semiotics 6,13 see also social semiotics shield laws 37 simile 50-1, 56 // social semiotics 6, 8, 135-6, 161 sociolinguistics 7 soft news 80, 187, 189-91, 194 sources 21, 43, 46, 52-3, 87, 91, 141-4, 149-52 confidential 36-7 special news 215-16 sports news 2, 95 stance see evaluation // INDEX // 267 // stand-alones 80-1, 176, 178-9, 181-96 allusion 101, 182, 185, 190-3, 196, 206 // hard news 191-5 pun 182, 185, 190 soft news 189-91 standardization 90 story see news story story structure see news story storytelling see news story; visual storytelling // stratification see audience style see news language; parameters of evaluation style guides 107 stylistic approach 8 subjectivity 94, 138, 155 see also evaluation syndication 21 // systemic functional linguistics 8 // tabloids 18, 26, 38, 78, 89, 95,112 see also popular press and images 115-16 target audience see audience taxes 29 // television 2, 22, 29-30 headlines 104-5 text-image relations 120-36 detail 124 dichotomy 121 displacement 121 image/body text 129-31 image/caption 126-7 image/headline 127-9 // intersemiotic relations 121 intrasemiotic relations 121,123, 132-4 // and moving images 121-4 overlap 121-2, 126-34 overview 124, 133-4 and sequenced images 132-4 and still images 125-31 thumbnail images 119 Twitter 5, 31-2,

107 // unexpectedness see parameters of evaluation // verbs 63, 87-9, 205 headlines 101,103,105 video journalist 24 visual storytelling 119, 132-4 vodcasts 32, 201-4 voice 8, 32, 88, 93-4, 117, 155, 214-15 see also authority commentator voice 8 correspondent voice 8 reporter voice 155 // volition 152, 154 see also parameters of evaluation // war reporting 10,116 Web 2.0 31 // websites 5, 21, 30, 50, 107,119-20 WikiLeaks 21, 68, 90 wire service see news agency word play 56, 190 // YouTube 5, 21, 90