.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

BK

1st pub.

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2012

xviii, 370 s. ; 25 cm

ISBN 978-0-521-70267-6 (brož.)

Cambridge applied ethics

Obsahuje bibliografie, bibliografické odkazy a rejstřík

000242274

Contents // List of figures and tables page xii // Preface xiii // 1 Introduction and overview 1 // Setting the stage: the Manhattan Project 1 // Relations between ethics and science 4 // Responses: professional, industrial, governmental 10 // Course of the argument 13 // Extending reflection: scientific controversies and the Nobel Prize 19 // Questions for research and discussion 21 // Further reading about the cases 22 // 2 Ethical concepts and theories 23 // Setting the stage: the miracle drug thalidomide 23 // Distinctions and definitions 26 // Ethics and science: a brief relational history 30 // From moral knowledge to ethical reasoning 36 // The role of theory 39 // Virtue ethics 41 // Consequentialism 46 // Deontology 51 // Strengths, weaknesses, and alternatives 57 // Summary 61 // Extending reflection: codes of conduct for computer scientists // and software engineers 62 // Questions for research and discussion 64 // Further reading about the cases 65 // vii // viii Contents // 3 Science and its norms 66 // Setting the stage: Galileo and the church 66 // Emergence of natural philosophy 69 // The social institutionalization of science 73 // Scientific methods and epistemological norms 76 // Social norms in science 78 // Summary 82 // Extending reflection: anthropologists and the military 83 // Questions for research and discussion 85 // Further reading about the cases 86 // 4 Research ethics I: responsible conduct 87 // Setting the stage: a cloning scandal 88 // From norms

to realities 90 // Influential cases 94 // A spectrum of conduct 100 // The flow 1: anticipating research 103 // The flow 2: doing research 106 // The flow 3: disseminating research 112 // Research ethics in a global context 118 // Summary 120 // Extending reflection: Victor Ninov and Jan Hendrik Schön 121 // Questions for research and discussion 123 // Further reading about the cases 123 // Video and online resources for teaching about // research misconduct 124 // 5 Research ethics II: science involving humans 125 // Setting the stage: clinical trials in developing countries 125 // How clinical trials work 128 // How humans became research subjects 132 // From subjects to participants: free and informed consent 134 // The US case: autonomy, beneficence, and justice 140 // The flow of human participants research: anticipating and practicing 145 The flow of human participants research: disseminating 150 // Summary 151 // Extending reflection: using immorally acquired data 151 // Contents ix // Questions for research and discussion 154 // Further reading about the cases 155 // 6 Research ethics III: science involving animals 156 // Setting the stage: war over animal research 156 // Farms, zoos, pets, wildlife preserves, and laboratories 159 // Animal welfare and animal rights: a brief history 162 // The animals issue: an analysis 166 // Summary 170 // Extending reflection: Temple Grandin 170 // Questions for research and discussion 172 // Further reading about the cases 173

7 The science of ethics 174 // Setting the stage: sexual harassment among scientists 174 // What can science tell us about ethics? 176 // Evolutionary ethics 178 // Decision science 181 // Psychology of moral development 182 // The naturalistic fallacy 185 // Options for a science of ethics 186 // Why attempt a strong science of normative ethics? 190 // Methodological naturalism informing ethics: neuroscience 192 // Summary 193 // Extending reflection: space colonization 194 // Questions for research and discussion 195 // Further reading about the cases 196 // 8 Transition: from ethics to politics and policy 197 // Setting the stage: developing a course 197 // The goals of teaching and learning 199 // Science and ethics or ethics and science? 201 // For interdisciplinary ethics 203 // Effective education 204 // Ethics: from doing things right to doing the right things 205 // Extending reflection: Einstein on ethics and science 207 // Questions for research and discussion 209 // Further reading about the cases 209 // x // Contents // 9 Science and politics I: policy for science 210 // Setting the stage: government funding of embiyonic stem // cell research 210 // Science in context 212 // The social contract for science: the linear model 215 // Questioning the social contract: governing science 217 // Policies for science budgets 219 // Science outcomes 223 // R&D, the market, and well-being 225 // Scientists’ responsibilities for knowledge and its consequences 228 // Distributing

responsibility 230 // Summary 233 // Extending reflection: dual use and publishing a deadly blueprint 234 // Questions for research and discussion 235 // Further reading about the cases 236 // 10 Science and politics II: science for policy 237 // Setting the stage: climate change and an inconvenient heretic 237 // Science and decision-making 240 // The social contract for science revisited 245 // Questioning the social contract again: science governing 248 // Science in the military 254 // Science in the courtroom 256 // Science in the media 258 // Summary 261 // Extending reflection: premature science? Predicting earthquakes and Unking autism with vaccinations 263 // Questions for research and discussion 265 // Further reading about the cases 266 // 11 Science and ideational culture 268 // Setting the stage: the Templeton Foundation 268 // Science and personal experience 270 // Science and culture 273 // Independence: separating science from culture 275 // Conflict: science and culture in opposition 276 // Dialogue: science and culture in conversation 281 // Integration: bringing science and culture together 283 // Contents xi // Summary 286 // Extending reflection: intelligent design in public schools 286 // Questions for research and discussion 288 // Further reading about the cases 289 // 12 Science applied: ethics and engineering 290 // Setting the stage: the Challenger and Columbia disasters 290 // Overview, definitions, and contrasts 293 // A history of ideals in engineering

ethics 296 // Perspectives from different countries 300 // Confidence and doubt in engineering 306 // Toward a duty plus respicere in engineering - and in science 307 // Summary 312 // Extending reflection: sustainability and geoengineering 313 // Questions for research and discussion 317 // Further reading about the cases 318 // Epilogue: Looking back, leaning forward: the moral character of scientists 319 // Appendix: Ethics codes 324 // Bibliography 328 // Index 347