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EB

EB

ONLINE

New York, NY : Springer, [2013]

1 online zdroj

ISBN 9781461470731 (e-kniha)

ISBN 9781461470724 (print)

SpringerBriefs in physics, ISSN 2191-5423

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Introduction -- X-ray projection imaging -- Computed tomography -- Nuclear imaging -- Magnetic resonance imaging -- Ultrasound imaging -- Trends in medical imaging technology

Biomedical imaging is a relatively young discipline that started with Conrad Wilhelm Roentgen’s discovery of the x-ray in 1895. X-ray imaging was rapidly adopted in hospitals around the world. However, it was the advent of computerized data and image processing that made revolutionary new imaging modalities possible. Today, cross-sections and three-dimensional reconstructions of the organs inside the human body is possible with unprecedented speed, detail and quality. This book provides an introduction into the principles of image formation of key medical imaging modalities: X-ray projection.

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1 Introduction 1 // 1.1 A Brief Historical Overview 2 // 1.2 Image Resolution and Contrast 3 // 1.3 Systems and Signals: A Short Introduction 6 // 1.4 The Fourier Transform 9 // 2 X-Ray Projection Imaging 13 // 2.1 X-Ray Generation 13 // 2.1.1 The X-Ray Tube 15 // 2.1.2 A Focus on Geometry 19 // 2.2 X-Ray Attenuation 20 // 2.2.1 Photon-Matter Interaction 20 // 2.2.2 Macroscopic Attenuation and Lambert-Beer’s Law 22 // 2.2.3 Lambert-Beer’s Law in Inhomogeneous Materials 25 // 2.2.4 Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry 26 // 2.3 X-Ray Detectors 28 // 2.3.1 Film-Based Imaging 28 // 2.3.2 Fluoroscopes 30 // 2.3.3 Semiconductor Detectors 32 // 2.3.4 Photomultiplier Tubes 33 // 2.4 Factors that Determine X-Ray Image Quality 34 // 3 Computed Tomography 37 // 3.1 CT Image Formation Principles 37 // 3.1.1 The Radon Transform and the Fourier Slice Theorem 39 // 3.1.2 Practical Image Reconstruction 42 // 3.2 Engineering Aspects of CT Scanners 49 // 3.3 Quantitative CT 51 // 3.4 Image Quality and Artifacts 52 // 4 Nuclear Imaging 55 // 4.1 Radiopharmaceuticals 55 // 4.2 Production of Short-Lived Radioactive Tracers 56 // 4.3 Detector Systems and the Anger Camera 57 // 4.4 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 59 // 4.5 Positron Emission Tomography 64 // 4.6 Multi-Modality Imaging 66 // 5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 67 // 5.1 Proton Spins in an External Magnetic Field 67 // 5.2 The Spin-Echo Experiment 70 //

5.3 The Spin-Echo Pulse Sequence 76 // 5.3.1 Measurement of ?2 77 // 5.3.2 Measurement of T\\ Through Incomplete Recovery 77 // 5.3.3 Measurement of Proton Density 78 // 5.3.4 The Significance of TE and TR 78 // 5.4 From NMR to MRI: The Gradient Fields 79 // 5.4.1 The Slice Encode Gradient 81 // 5.4.2 Fourier-Encoding with the Gradient 84 // 5.4.3 The Frequency Encode Gradient 85 // 5.4.4 The Phase Encode Gradient 86 // 5.5 Putting Everything Together: Spatially-Resolved // Spin-Echo Acquisition 87 // 5.6 Other Imaging Sequences 88 // 5.6.1 Gradient-Recalled Echo Sequences 89 // 5.6.2 Inversion Recovery Sequence 90 // 5.6.3 Echo Planar Imaging 92 // 5.7 Technical Realization 93 // 5.7.1 #o Magnet 93 // 5.7.2 Gradient Subsystem 94 // 5.7.3 RF Subsystem 95 // 6 Ultrasound Imaging 97 // 6.1 Sound Propagation in Biological Tissue 97 // 6.2 Ultrasound Image Formation 101 // 6.2.1 Ultrasound Generation and Echo Detection 101 // 6.2.2 ?-Mode Scans 103 // 6.2.3 ?-Mode Scans 105 // 6.2.4 M-Mode Scans 107 // 6.2.5 Volumetric Scans and 3D Ultrasound 108 // 6.3 Doppler Ultrasound 108 // 7 Trends in Medical Imaging Technology Ill // 7.1 Progress in Established Imaging Modalities 112 // 7.1.1 X-ray and CT 112 // 7.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 113 // 7.1.3 Ultrasound Imaging 114 // 7.1.4 PET and Multi-Modality Imaging 114 // 7.1.5 Molecular Imaging 115 // 7.2 Optical Tomography 115 // 7.3 Advanced Image Processing 118 // References 121 // Index 127

(OCoLC)841263574

(COUT)25765585

(EBSC)577101

(IDEB)cis25765585

(YANK)10701366