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BK

2nd ed.

Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2012

xiii, 280 s. : il., mapy ; 24 cm

ISBN 978-0-19-960895-9 (brož.)

The biology of habitats

Terminologický slovník

Obsahuje bibliografii na s. [259]-274 a rejstřík

000246582

Contents // Preface to the second edition ix // Preface to the first edition xi // Abbreviations xiv // 1 Introduction i // 1.1 What is a wetland? 1 // 1.2 Wetland classification 6 // 1.3 Wetland inventories 9 // 1.4 Summary 11 // 1.5 Practical experiments and observations 11 // 1.5.1 Wetland classification 12 // 2 Water and Soil 13 // 2.1 Physical and chemical properties of water 14 // 2.2 Wetland hydrology 22 // 2.3 Secondary gradients 31 // 2.4 Hydric soils 33 // 2.4.1 Soil genesis 33 // 2.5 Summary 41 // 2.6 Practical experiments and observations 42 // 2.6.1 Water levels 42 // 2.6.2 Water chemistry 43 // 2.6.3 Temperature and oxygen gradients 43 // 2.6.4 Redox 43 // 2.6.5 Hydric soils 44 // 3 Microorganisms and Invertebrates 45 // 3.1 Microorganisms 46 // 3.1.1 Bacteria 47 // 3.1.2 Fungi 49 // 3.1.3 Algae 51 // 3.2 Invertebrates 55 // 3.2.1 Aquatic insects 56 // vi CONTENTS // 3.3 Summary 65 // 3.4 Practical experiments and observations 65 // 3.4.1 Wetland algae 65 // 3.4.2 Wetland invertebrates 66 // 4 Wetland Plants and Animals 69 // 4.1 Wetland plants 71 // 4.1.1 Internal gas-space continuum 77 // 4.1.2 Heterophylly 84 // 4.1.3 Clonal growth 87 // 4.2 Birds 89 // 4.3 Fish 94 // 4.4 Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals 98 // 4.5 Summary 103 // 4.6 Practical experiments and observations 103 // 4.6.1 Macrophyte adaptations 103 // 4.6.2 Seed banks 104 // 4.6.3 Wetland birds 105 // 4.6.4 Wetland fish 105 // 5 Spatial and Temporal Patterns 106 // 5.1 Coenoclines 106 // 5.2 Spatial

patterns 110 // 5.2.1 Coenocline development 113 // 5.2.2 Fire 119 // 5.3 Temporal patterns 119 // 5.3.1 Macro-succession 119 // 5.3.2 Micro-succession 122 // 5.3.3 Micro-succession versus fluctuations 126 // 5.4 Development of wetland landscapes 128 // 5.5 Summary 131 // 5.6 Practical experiments and observations 133 // 5.6.1 Gradient analysis 133 // 5.6.2 Sediment cores 134 // 6 Wetland Functions 135 // 6.1 Primary production 136 // 6.2 Food webs 145 // 6.3 Litter decomposition 153 // 6.4 Nutrient cycling 159 // 6.4.1 The carbon cycle 160 // CONTENTS vii // 6.4.2 Nitrogen and sulfur cycling 165 // 6.4.3 Phosphorus cycling 167 // 6.5 Summary 169 // 6.6 Practical experiments and observations 170 // 6.6.1 Primary production 170 // 6.6.2 Invertebrates and litter decomposition 170 // 6.6.3 Methane production 171 // 7 Invasive Species 173 // 7.1 What makes a species invasive? 175 // 7.1.1 Landscape sink or disturbance hypothesis 175 // 7.2 Superior competitor hypothesis 177 // 7.2.1 Enemy release 177 // 7.2.2 Broader tolerance 178 // 7.2.3 Efficient use 179 // 7.2.4 Hybrid vigor 180 // 7.2.5 Allelopathy 181 // 7.2.6 ty niche 181 // 7.2.7 Invasive animal species 182 // 7.3 What effect do exotic species have on wetlands? 186 // 7.4 What should be done to control invasive species? 189 // 7.5 Summary 192 // 7.6 Practical observations 193 // 8 Restoration and Creation 194 // 8.1 Definitions 194 // 8.2 Restoration and succession 199 // 8.3 Environmental restoration 201 // 8.4 Biological

restoration 202 // 8.4.1 Plant materials 203 // 8.4.2 Invasive species 205 // 8.4.3 Suitable establishment conditions 206 // 8.5 Restoration planning 206 // 8.5.1 Project goals 207 // 8.5.2 Site selection and evaluation 209 // 8.5.3 Restoration plan 211 // 8.5.4 Implementation 211 // 8.5.5 Monitoring 212 // 8.5.6 Project evaluation and management 212 // 8.6 How successful are wetland restorations? 214 // 8.7 Post-project management 216 // 8.8 Summary 216 // viii CONTENTS // 9 Global Climate Change 218 // 9.1 Wetlands and the global carbon budget 219 // 9.2 Impacts of climate change 224 // 9.2.1 Species composition 225 // 9.2.2 Migration and extinction 227 // 9.3 Indirect effects 228 // 9.3.1 Prairie potholes 231 // 9.3.2 Louisiana coastal mashes 232 // 9.4 Summary 239 // 9.5 Practical experiments and observations 240 // 10 The Value and Future of Wetlands 241 // 10.1 Functions, services, and values 243 // 10.2 Protection and conservation 249 // 10.3 Future of wetlands 253 // Glossary 255 // Bibliography 259 // Index 275