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0 (hodnocen0 x )

BK

Berlin : Springer, c2011

viii, 212 s. : barev. il., mapy ; 29 cm

ISBN 978-3-540-76503-5 (váz.)

Terminologický slovník

Obsahuje bibliografii na s. [199]-205 a index

000247470

Wolfgang Frisch • Martin Meschede • Ronald Blakey // Plate Tectonics // Continental Drift and Mountain Building // // How are mountains formed? Why are there old and young mountains? Why do the shapes of South America and Africa fit so well together? Why is the Pacific surrounded by a ring of volcanoes and earthquake-prone areas while the edges of the Atlantic are relatively peaceful? // Frisch and Meschede and Blakey answer all these questions and more through the presentation and explanation of the geodynamic processes upon which the theory of continental drift is based and which have led to the concept of plate tectonics. // Wolfgang Frisch was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1943. He studied in Vienna and worked at the Mining University of Leoben (Austria), the University of Vienna, and the Technical University of Munich, before he was appointed to Tübingen University in 1981, where he held the Chair in Geology until his retirement in 2009. His research interests were structural geology and geodynamics, genesis of mineral deposits, and petrology of magmatic rocks. Working areas were in many parts of the world, such as the Alps and southeastern Europe, the Himalayas and Tibet, Arabia and Egypt, East and Central Africa, Middle America, and Greenland. Scientific results are documented in more than 200 articles. Wolfgang Frisch is member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and bearer of the Hans-Stille-Medal. He is now living in Vienna. // Martin Meschede, born in 1957, is a

Professor of Regional and Structural Geology at the University of Greifswald, Germany. He received his Diploma in Geology in 1982 from the University of Hannover, Germany, and his Doctorate in 1986 from the University of Tübingen, Germany. From 1986-2001 he worked as a scientific researcher at the University of Tübingen and since 2001 he has been with the University of Greifswald. In 2007 he became Vice Chairman of the DGG (German Society of Geosciences). In 1995 he received the Credner Award of the DGG. His research interests include geodynamics, structural geology,and paleogeographic reconstructions,particularly in the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific region, marine geology, and neotectonic and glacial processes in the Baltic Sea area. // Ronald Blakey is Professor Emeritus of Geology at Northern Arizona University following over 34 years of teaching courses in Historical Geology, Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Field Geology, and Tectonics. Most of his scholarly publications concern the sedimentary rocks and geologic history of the American Southwest. More recently, he became heavily involved in the reconstruction of paleogeographic maps that document past Earth history. Many of these maps can be viewed at http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/. Plate Tectonics is his second book following Ancient Landscapes of the Colorado Plateau with co-author Wayne Ranney. // Content // // Preface // XII // 1??1 Contractional theory, continental drift and plate tectonics ... l // Plate tectonics

- a change in the paradigm of the geosciences ... 1 // Early history of geodynamic thought ... 1 // From continental drift to plate tectonics... 2 // The plate tectonic concept ... 4 // The pattern of magnetic polarity stripes ... 8 // Plate motions and earthquake zones ... 8 // Two kinds of continental margins ... 11 // Magmatism and plate tectonics ... 11 // What drives the plates and what slows // them down? ... 12 // Collision and mountain building ... 12 // Sediments and ore deposits in graben structures ... 29 // Volcanism in graben structures ... 30 // The Upper Rhine Graben in Germany... 31 // The history of the Upper Rhine Graben ... 32 // The Upper Rhine Graben in the // Middle European stress field... 33 // Magmatism and heat flow in the Upper // Rhine Graben ... 34 // The large East African rift system ... 34 // The Afar Depression ... 37 // The Red Sea - from rift to drift ... 37 // The extensional area of the Basin and Range Province ... 39 // The development of metamorphic domes ... 40 // A brief history of the Basin and Range Province ... 41 // Plate movements and their geometric relationships... 15 // Helpful transform faults ... 15 // Relative movements and triple junctions ... 16 // Two RTF triple junctions off North // America ... 18 // Relative plate velocities - past and present . 20 // Direct measurement of plate movements ... 21 // Apparent contradictions in the plate motion // pattern ... 22 // Fault-plane-solutions of // earthquakes ... 23 // Seismic

tomography... 25 // HH Continental graben structures...27 // Active and passive graben structures ... 28 // Symmetric and asymmetric crustal // extension ... 28 // Passive continental margins and abyssal plains...43 // Continuous subsidence of the continental margins ... 43 // The sedimentary trap at a passive continental // margin ... 44 // Tracts of sequence stratigraphy... 45 // Processes on continental margins ... 46 // Petroleum deposits - the economic significance of passive continental margins ... 48 // The Atlantic - an ocean opens in an // intricate manner ... 48 // Pangaea and Panthalassa ... 49 // The large abyssal plains ... 51 // Sediments of the abyssal plains... 52 // Manganese nodules from the // deep sea ... 54 // Facies changes on the large oceanic // conveyor belt ... 55 // The Bengal deep sea fan ... 56 // VI // ?? Mid-ocean ridges... // Topography of the ridges ... // Generation of oceanic lithosphere ... // Rocks of the oceanic crust ... // Pillow lavas ... // Seismic layers ... // Basalts of mid-ocean ridges ... // Fast and slow spreading ridges and rocks of the lithospheric mantle ... // Segmentation of ridges by faults ... // Graben formation in the Atlantic ... // An oceanic crustal profile in the // Atlantic Ocean ... // Black and white smokers ... // Ocean floor metamorphism ... // Chromite deposits ... // Ophiolites ... // The ophiolite of the Semail Nappe in Oman ... // Metamorphic sole ... // Alpine-Mediterranean ophiolites ... // H Hot spots...

// Hot spots and mid-ocean ridges ... // The mysterious D" layer and the dented // Earth ... // Hot spots of Pangaea ... // Hot spot tracks in the ocean ... // A guyot evolves... // Hot spot tracks on the continent ... // Flood and trap basalts... // The Azores - hot, cold or wet spot? ... // Hawaii - a typical oceanic hot spot ... // Iceland ... // Yellowstone ... // The superplume event in the Cretaceous .. // 59 // 59 // 60 // 61 // 62 // 64 // 65 // 65 // 67 // 67 // 68 68 // 70 // 71 71 // . 72 . 72 . 72 // . 75 . 77 // . 77 . 78 . 80 . 82 .. 82 .. 84 .. 85 .. 86 .. 87 .. 87 .. 88 // E Subductiori zones, island arcs and active continental margins... // Structure of plate margin systems with // subduction zones ... // Spontaneous and forced subduction: // Mariana- and Chile-type subduction ... // What is the reason for the arcuate shape of island arcs?... // Deep sea trenches as sediment traps.. // Accretionary wedge and outer ridge .. // The accretionary wedge of the // Sunda Arc... // Subduction erosion instead of accretion // Mud volcanoes ... // The forearc basin ... // Earthquakes and Benioff zones ... // The Shigatse Flysch in Tibet . // The secret of deep earthquakes... // High-pressure or subduction // metamorphism ... // Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic // rocks ... // Rapid burial, rapid uplift ... // Subduction-related magmatism - a paradox? ... // Rocks of the magmatic zone // Zonation of magmas in space and time // Explosive stratovolcanoes as indicators for

subduction magmatism ... // Isotopic signatures and the influence // of continental crust... // Metamorphism in the magmatic belt ... // Paired metamorphic belts ... // Ore deposits in the magmatic belt ... // The backarc basin // Splitting of intra-oceanic island arcs ... Gravity and heat flow ... // Subduction and collision // 91 // 91 // 93 // 94 // 96 // 97 // 99 // 100 101 103 // 103 // 104 107 // 109 // 111 // 112 // 113 // 114 116 // 117 // 118 119 // 119 // 120 . 120 . 122 . 122 . 122 // i Transform faults... 123 // Oceanic transform faults ... 123 // Fracture zones in the ocean floor ... 123 // Continental transform faults ... 125 // San Andreas - the infamous transform // fault of California ... 127 // The North Anatolian Fault in Asia Minor // and the Alpine Fault in New Zealand ... 129 // llerranes... 131 // Documenting terranes ... 132 // Terranes in the North American // Cordillera ... 134 // Suspect terranes in Mexico and Middle America ... 138 // Early Precambrian plate tectonics... 139 // The oldest rocks and minerals ... 140 // Greenstone-granite belts ... 141 // Granulite-gneiss belts ... 143 // Komat Utes ... 144 // Towards an Archean plate tectonic model .. 145 // The growth of continents ... 146 // Possible younger equivalents of greenstonegranite belts ... 147 // The Great Dike of Zimbabwe ... 147 // Plate tectonics and mountain building... 149 // Types of active continental margins within erogenic styles ... 149 // Continent-continent collision ... 152

// Uplift, erosion, and elevation of mountains ... 154 // Collapse and crustal escape ... 158 // Old orogens... 159 // 2500-2000 million years old ophiolites ... 159 // The Wopmay orogen in Canada ... 160 // The Grenville orogenic cycle and the formation of the supercontinent Rodinia ... 160 // The Panafrican orogeny and the // formation of Gondwana ... 160 // The Caledonides - a Wilson cycle around // the Iapetus Ocean ... 161 // The significance of Scotland and // the Greek mythology ... 162 // The Variscides - a broad mountain belt // in central Europe ... 163 // A Variscan suture in the southern // Black Forest ... 165 // The Variscan orogen in the Alps ... 165 // Paleozoic mountain building in eastern and // southern North America ... 167 // How many orogenies?... 169 // Young orogens - the Earth’s loftiest places...171 // The Himalayas - a mountain range with superlatives ... 172 // Tectonic history of the Himalayas ... 172 // Nanga Parbat and Namche Barwa // syntaxis... 174 // The Alps - an untypical but classic orogen ... 174 // Briefhistory of Alpine evolution ... 176 // Lateral tectonic extrusion in the // Alps ... 178 // The North American Cordillera - a different style of orogen ... 179 // Laramide Rocky Mountains - an orogenic mystery solved ... 185 // Epilog ... 187 // Glossary... 189 // References... 199 // Keyword Index...207