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BK

Champaign : Human Kinetics, c2012

xvi, 520 s. : il., portréty ; 24 cm

ISBN 978-0-7360-8020-0 (váz.) ISBN !0-7360-8020-1 (chyb.)

Terminologický slovník

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000248390

Contents // Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvi // Part I Muscle Architecture and Mechanics 1 // ¦ Chapter 1 Muscle Architecture 3 // 1.1 Muscle Fascicles and Their Arrangements 8 // 1.1.1 Parallel Fibered and Fusiform Muscles 10 // 1.1.2 Pennate Muscles 10 // 1.1.2.1 Planar Models of Pennate Muscles 12 // 1.1.2.2 Pennation in Three Dimensions 17 // 1.1.3 Convergent and Circular Muscles 19 // 1.2 Muscle Fascicle Curvature: Frenet Frames 20 // 1.3 Fiber Architecture in the Fascicles 25 // 1.4 Muscle as a Fiber-Reinforced Composite 30 // 1.5 Fiber, Fascicle, and Muscle Length: Length-Length Ratios 33 // 1.5.1 Fiber and Fascicle Length 33 // 1.5.2 Length-Length Ratios 34 // 1.6 Muscle Path: Muscle Centroids 37 // 1.6.1 Straight-Line Representation of Muscle Path 38 // 1.6.2 Centroid Model of Muscle Path 39 // 1.6.3 Curved and Wrapping Muscles 41 // 1.6.4 Twisted Muscles 47 // 1.6.5 Muscles Attaching to More Than Two Bones 48 // 1.7 Cross-Sectional Area, Physiological and Anatomical 49 // 1.8 Muscle Attachment Area 56 // 1.9 Summary 62 // 1.10 Questions for Review 64 // 1.11 Literature List 65 // ¦ Chapter 2 Properties of Tendons and Passive Muscles 69 // 2.1 Biomechanics of Tendons and Aponeuroses 72 // 2.1.1 Elastic Behavior 72 // iv // Contents V // 2?. 1.1 Stress-Strain Relations 74 // 2. L 1.1.1 Stress-Strain Relations in the Toe Region 76 // 2.1.1.1.2 Stress-Strain Relations in the Linear Region 78 2? ? .2 Tendon Forces 80 // 2? ? .3 Tension and Elongation in Tendons and Aponeuroses

81 2 ? ? .4 Constitutive Equations for Tendons and Ligaments 85 2 ? .2 Viscoelastic Behavior of Tendons 86 2? .2 ? Basic Concepts of Viscoelasticity 86 // 2.1.2.2 Viscoelastic Properties of Tendons 90 // 2.1.2.2.1 Computational Models of the Tendons 90 // 2.1.2.2.2 Factors Affecting Mechanical Properties of the Tendons 91 // 2.1.3 Tendon Interaction With Surrounding Tissues 92 // 2.1.3.1 Intertendinous Shear Force and Lateral Force Transfer 92 // 2.1.3.2 Interfmger Connection Matrices 95 // 2.1.3.3 Gliding Resistance Between // the Tendons and Surrounding Tissues 98 // 2.1.3.4 Tendon W rapping 99 // 2.1.3.5 Bowstringing 103 // 2.1.3.6 Tendon Properties and Muscle Function 105 // 2.1.3.7 Musculotendinous Architectural Indices 107 // 2.2 Mechanical Properties of Passive Muscles 108 // 2.2.1 Muscle Tone: Equitonometry 109 // 2.2.2 Mechanical Properties of Relaxed Muscles 111 // 2.2.2.1 Elastic Properties 111 // 2.2.2.2 Viscoelastic Properties of Passive Muscles: // Passive Mechanical Resistance in Joints 114 // 2.3 On Joint Flexibility 117 // 2.4 Summary 120 // 2.5 Questions for Review 124 // 2.6 Literature List 125 // ¦ Chapter 3 Mechanics of Active Muscle 131 // 3.1 Muscle Force Production and Transmission 131 // 3.1.1 Experimental Methods 132 // 3.1.2 Transition From Rest to Activity 132 // 3.1.2.1 Muscle Active State 135 // 3.1.2.2 Force Development in Humans: // Rate of Force Development 137 // 3.1.3 Transition From Activity to Rest: Muscle Relaxation 140 // 3.1.4 Constancy

of the Muscle Volume 143 // 3.1.5 Force Transmission and Internal Deformations (Strain) 146 // 3.1.5.1 Force Transmission in Muscle Fibers 146 // 3.1.5.2 Force Transmission in Muscles: // Summation of Muscle Fiber Forces 149 // 3.1.5.2.1 Parallel-Fibered and Fusiform Muscles 149 // 3.1.5.2.1.1 Nonuniform Shortening of Muscle Fibers 149 // 3.1.5.2.1.2 Nonlinear Summation of Fiber Forces 153 // 3.1.5.2.2 Pennate Muscles 153 // 3.1.5.2.2.1 Force Transmission 154 // 3.1.5.2.2.2 Speed Transmission: // Architectural Gear Ratio 155 // 3.1.6 Intramuscular Stress and Pressure 159 // 3.1.6.1 Specific Muscle Force 159 // 3.1.6.2 Stress Tensors 161 // 3.1.6.3 Intramuscular Fluid Pressure 163 // 3.1.6.3.1 Hydrostatic and Osmotic Pressure 163 // 3.1.6.3.2 Factors Affecting Intramuscular Pressure: Application of the Laplace Law 165 // 3.1.6.3.3 Biological Function of Intramuscular Pressure: // The Compartment Syndrome 167 // 3.2 Functional Relations 170 // 3.2.1 Force-Length Relations 170 // 3.2.1.1 Force-Length Curves 170 // 3.2.1.2 Mechanisms Behind the Active Force-Length Curve 174 // 3.2.1.3 Problem of Muscle Stability 177 // 3.2.1.4 Submaximal Force-Length Curve 179 // 3.2.1.5 Muscle Lengths in the Body: // Expressed Sections of the Force-Length Curve 181 // 3.2.2 Force-Velocity Relations 186 // 3.2.2.1 A Piece of History: // Muscle Viscosity Theory and Heat Production 186 // 3.2.2.2 Hill’s Force-Velocity Curve 190 // viii Contents // Part II Muscles in the Body 249 // ¦ Chapter 5 From

Muscle Forces to Joint Moments 251 // 5.1 Force Transmission: From Muscle to Bone 252 // 5.1.1 From Muscle to Tendon 252 // 5.1.2 From Tendon to Bone 255 // 5.1.3 Tendon Elasticity and Isometric Force-Length Relation 258 // 5.2 Force Transmission via Soft Tissue Skeleton (Fascia) 261 // 5.2.1 Structure of Fascia 261 // 5.2.2 Muscle-Tendon-Fascia Attachments 263 // 5.2.3 Fascia as Soft Tissue Skeleton (Ectoskeleton) 264 // 5.2.3.1 Plantar Fascia and the Windlass Mechanism 265 // 5.2.3.2 Fascia Lata and Iliotibial Tract 267 // 5.3 Muscle Moment Arms 268 // 5.3.1 Muscle Moment Arm Vectors and Their Components 269 // 5.3.1.1 Moment Arms as Vectors 269 // 5.3.1.2 Muscle Moment Arms About Rotation Axes 272 // 5.3.1.3 Muscle Moment Arms About Anatomical Axes: // Muscle Functions at a Joint 274 // 5.3.1.4 Moment Arms of Muscles With Curved Paths: // Quadriceps Moment Arm 280 // 5.3.1.5 Moment Arms of Multijoint Muscles: // Paradoxical Muscle Action 283 // 5.3.2 Methods for Determination of Muscle Moment Arms 285 // 5.3.2.1 Geometric Methods 285 // 5.3.2.1.1 Anatomical Geometric Methods 286 // 5.3.2.1.1.1 Planar Geometric Models 286 // 5.3.2.1.1.2 Three-Dimensional Geometric Models 290 // 5.3.2.1.2 Imaging Geometric Methods 291 // 5.3.2.2 Functional Methods 293 // 5.3.2.2.1 Tendon Excursion Method (Kinematic Method) 294 // 5.3.2.2.2 Load Application Method (Static Method) 299 // 5.3.3 Factors Affecting Muscle Moment Arm 301 // 5.3.3.1 Moment Arm as a Function of Joint Angles 301 // 5.3.3.2 Moment

Arm as a Function of Exerted Muscle Force 305 // 5.3.3.3 Scaling of Moment Arms 307 // Contents ix // 5.3.4 Transformation of Muscle Forces to Joint Moments: // Muscle Jacobian 311 // 5.4 Summary 313 // 5.5 Questions for Review 316 // 5.6 Literature List 318 // ¦ Chapter 6 Two-Joint Muscles in Human Motion 325 // 6.1 Two-Joint Muscles: // A Special Case of Multifunctional Muscles 325 // 6.1.1 Functional Features of Two-Joint Muscles 326 // 6.1.2 Anatomical and Morphological Features of Two-Joint Muscles 328 // 6.2 Functional Roles of Two-Joint Muscles 331 // 6.2.1 Kinetic Analysis of // Two-Joint Muscles: Lombard’s Paradox 331 // 6.2.2 Kinematic Analysis of // Two-Joint Muscles: Solution of Lombard’s Paradox 336 // 6.3 Mechanical Energy Transfer // and Saving by Two-Joint Muscles 343 // 6.3.1 Tendon Action of Two-Joint Muscles 343 // 6.3.1.1 Illustrative Examples // of Tendon Action of Two-Joint Muscles 343 // 6.3.1.2 Methods of Energy Transfer Estimation 350 // 6.3.1.2.1 Energy Generated by // Joint Moment and Muscles at a Joint 350 // 6.3.1.2.2 Work Done by a // Two-Joint Muscle at the Adjacent Joint 353 // 6.3.1.3 Tendon Action and Jumping Performance 356 // 6.3.2 Saving Mechanical Energy by Two-Joint Muscles 357 // 6.4 Summary 361 // 6.5 Questions for Review 364 // 6.6 Literature List 366 // ¦ Chapter 7 Eccentric Muscle Action in Human Motion 369 // 7.1 Joint Power and Work as Measures of Eccentric Muscle Action 370 // 7.1.1 Negative Power and Work at a Joint 370

x Contents // 7.1.2 Total Negative Power and Work in Several Joints 372 // 7.1.3 Negative Power of Center of Mass Motion 372 // 7.1.4 Two Ways of Mechanical // Energy Dissipation: Softness of Landing 372 // 7.2 Negative Work in Selected Activities 374 // 7.2.1 Walking 375 // 7.2.2 Stair Descent and Ascent 377 // 7.2.3 Level, Downhill, and Uphill Running 378 // 7.2.4 Landing 381 // 7.3 Joint Moments During Eccentric Actions 383 // 7.3.1 Maximal Joint Moments During Eccentric Actions 383 // 7.3.2 Force Changes During and After Stretch 386 // 7.3.2.1 Dynamic Force Enhancement 387 // 7.3.2.2 Short-Range Stiffness 389 // 7.3.2.3 Decay of Dynamic Force Enhancement 391 // 7.3.3 Residual Force Enhancement in Humans 392 // 7.4 Muscle Activity During Eccentric Actions 394 // 7.4.1 Surface Electromyographic // Activity During Eccentric Actions 395 // 7.4.2 Motor Unit Activity During Eccentric Actions 396 // 7.4.3 Electromechanical Delay 397 // 7.5 Physiological Cost of Eccentric Action 398 // 7.5.1 Oxygen Consumption // During Eccentric and Concentric Exercise 398 // 7.5.2 Fatigue and Perceived // Exertion During Eccentric Action 400 // 7.5.3 Muscle Soreness After Eccentric Exercise 401 // 7.6 Reversible Muscle Action: Stretch-Shortening Cycle 402 // 7.6.1 Enhancement of // Positive Work and Power Production 404 // 7.6.2 Mechanisms of the // Performance Enhancement in the Stretch-Shortening Cycle 407 // 7.6.3 Efficiency of Positive Work in Stretch-Shortening Cycle 411 // 7.7 Summary 416

// 7.8 Questions for Review 420 // 7.9 Literature List 422 // Contents xi // ¦ Chapter 8 Muscle Coordination in Human Motion 429 // 8.1 Kinematic Redundancy and Kinematic Invariant Characteristics of Limb Movements 430 // 8.1.1 Straight-Line Limb Endpoint Trajectory 434 // 8.1.2 Bell-Shaped Velocity Profile 437 // 8.1.3 Power Law 440 // 8.1.4 Fitts’Law 444 // 8.1.5 Principle of Least Action 446 // 8.2 Kinetic Invariant Characteristics of Limb Movements 447 // 8.2.1 Elbow-Shoulder Joint // Moment Covariation During Arm Reaching 448 // 8.2.2 Minimum Joint Moment Change 449 // 8.2.3 Orientation and Shape // of the Arm Apparent Stiffness Ellipses 451 // 8.3 Muscle Redundancy 455 // 8.3.1 Sources of Muscle Redundancy 455 // 8.3.2 Invariant Features of Muscle Activity Patterns 457 // 8.4 The Distribution Problem 460 // 8.4.1 Static Optimization 460 // 8.4.1.1 Problem Formulation 460 // 8.4.1.2 Cost Functions 461 // 8.4.1.3 Accuracy of the Static Optimization Methods: // How Well Do the Methods Work? 464 // 8.4.2 Dynamic Optimization 467 // 8.4.2.1 Basic Concepts 467 // 8.4.2.2 Forward Dynamics Problem 468 // 8.4.3 Inverse Optimization 472 // 8.4.4 On Optimization Methods // in Human Biomechanics and Motor Control 476 // 8.5 Summary 478 // 8.6 Questions for Review 482 // 8.7 Literature List 483 // Glossary 491 Index 511 // About the Authors 519