Contents // List of tables vi // List of figures vii // Preface viii // Acknowledgments x // 1 The challenge 1 // 2 The nature of the evidence: a synthesis of meta-analyses 7 // 3 The argument: visible teaching and visible learning 22 // 4 The contributions from the student 39 // 5 The contributions from the home 61 // 6 The contributions from the school 72 // 7 The contributions from the teacher 108 // 8 The contributions from the curricula 129 // 9 The contributions from teaching approaches—part I 161 // 10 The contributions from teaching approaches—part II 200 // 11 Bringing it all together 237 // Appendix A: the meta-analyses by topic 263 // Appendix B: the meta-analyses by rank order 297 // Bibliography 301 // Index 375