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BK

2nd ed.

Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2012

xiii, 271 s., [4] s. obr. příl. : il. ; 24 cm

ISBN 978-019-958114-6 (brož.)

Oxford animal biology series

Obsahuje bibliografii na s. 244-263, bibliografické odkazy a rejstřík

000253178

Contents // 1 The origin of vision 1 // The first eyes 1 // Evolution of the essential components of visual systems 6 Evolution of visual function 10 The diversity of eye design 18 Summary 21 // 2 Light and vision 23 // The nature of light 24 Light intensity 26 Contrast 31 // Wavelength and colour 32 Polarization 39 Summary 44 // 3 What makes a good eye? 46 // Fundamentals 46 Resolution 49 Sensitivity 62 Conclusions 69 Summary 70 // 4 Aquatic eyes: the evolution of the lens 72 // Evolutionary origins 72 // Pinhole eyes: giant clams and Nautilus 73 // Under-focused lens eyes 76 // xii Contents // Forming a sharp image 79 Eyes of fish and cephalopods 83 Matching eye to environment 86 Eyes with non-spherical lenses 91 Summary 93 // 5 Lens eyes on land 94 // A new optical surface 94 // Basic optics of cornea and lens 95 // Variations on the lens/cornea theme // in land vertebrates 104 // Amphibious eyes 117 // Invertebrate eyes with corneal optics 119 // Summary 128 // 6 Mirrors in animals 130 // Mirrors in eyes 130 // The physical optics of animal reflectors 143 Uses of photonic reflectors in structures other than eyes 150 Summary 155 // 7 Apposition compound eyes 157 // Origins 157 // A little history: apposition and neural superposition 160 Basic optics 164 // Ecological variations in apposition design 176 // The anomalous eyes of strepsipterans and trilobites 188 // Summary 189 // 8 Superposition eyes 191 // Introduction—the nature of superposition imagery 191 // Refracting

superposition 194 // Superposition and afocal apposition: the eyes // of butterflies 204 // Reflecting superposition 208 // Parabolic superposition 212 // Summary 213 // 9 Movements of the eyes 215 // Sampling the world in space and time 215 Flow humans acquire visual information 218 // Contents xiii // Are other animals like us? 223 Insect flight behaviour seen as eye movement 226 Translational saccades: head-bobbing in birds 227 Why not let the eyes wander? Some consequences of image motion 228 // Exceptions: rotational scanning by one-dimensional retinae 235 Summary 241 // Principal symbols used in the text 243 References 244 // Index 265