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BK

Second edition

Oxford : Oxford University Press, [1993]

xv, 451 stran : ilustrace ; 25 cm

ISBN 0-19-874183-9 (brožováno)

Obsahuje bibliografii na stranách 413-445, bibliografické odkazy a rejstřík

Popsáno podle dotisku z roku 2005

001452832

This second edition has the same general purpose as the first edition: to // provide an integrated review of the basic knowledge and methods which form // the foundation for advanced study and contributions to developments in the // understanding of hillslopes. // Since publication of the first edition, not only has knowledge advanced but // an interdisciplinary approach to much of the research has become increasingly // common and productive. These developments are reflected in this book by the // threefold expansion of the bibliography and by the bringing together of the // approaches and scientific knowledge from the contributing disciplines of // geology, civil engineering, hydrology, soil science, ecology, and // geomorphology to produce a comprehensive text which makes possible an // integrated understanding of hillslopes. // Approximately seventy per cent of the text is new, with many new figures // and plates, which has enabled Professor Selby to provide a more // comprehensive introduction than in the first edition to the nature of chemical // bonding, the properties of mineral particles and fabrics of weak rock, rheology // of rock and soil, hillslope hydrology, hillslope stratigraphy, and landslide hazard // investigation. // M.J.Selby is Professor of Earth Sciences and Deputy Vice-Chancellor of the // University of Waikato in New Zealand and the author of Earth’s Changing // Surface. He has undertaken field work in Antarctica, the Sahara, Namib Desert, // Atacama,

Andes, Himalayas, Central Australia, and Western Europe as well as // New Zealand. // Comments from reviews of the first edition // An excellent general text, with many and fresh examples which make it a // pleasure to read Earth Surface Processes and Landforms // Professor Selby must be congratulated for producing a text which will interest // all geomorphologists [and] will become a standard text in universities // Geographical Magazine // [Selby’s] discussion of stress and strength throughout the book are some of // the most readable and understandable presentations of those topics I have // ever seen Geology // [This book’s] practical slant will prove very attractive Environmental Studies // Author and publisher are to be commended for producing such a wellillustrated volume on a topic which, although central to geomorphology, is // often treated too esoterically Books in the Earth Sciences // OXFORD // UNIVERSITY PRESS // www.oup.com // 9780198741831 // 9 // ISBN 0-19-874183-9 // 780198 // 741831 // // Symbols used // Mudrock fabrics // 21 // Unloadin // 1. INTRODUCTION // Complexity in hillslope evolution // Practical value of hillslope studies // Hillslope systems // Energy available for hillslope // processes // Plan of the book // 1 // 1 // 2 // 2 // Structure in pedogenetic soils // Fabric of coarse-grained soils // 23 // 24 // 25 // 4. STRESS, STRAIN, AND // RHEOLOGY OF MATERIALS 27 // 2. BONDS // States of matter // Types of bonds // Ionic bonding

Covalent bondin // // Metallic bonding // van der Waals forces // Hydrogen bonding and the structure // of water // Crystalline solids // Chemical reactions // 8 // 9 // 9 // 3. PARTICLES AND FABRICS OF // SOIL AND WEAK SEDIMENTS // Particle size // Origins of particles // Clay minerals // Phyllosilicate mineral structures // Structural units // Characteristics // Formation of phyllosilicate clays // Short-range order aluminosilicates // Oxide clays // Clays, climate, and drainage // Adsorbed water // Electric double layer // Electric charges // Fabric of clays in sedimentary rocks // Clays in weak rocks // Definitions // Force and stress // Strain // Strength // Rheology // Elastic behaviour // Viscosity // Plasticity // Mixed behaviour // Rheology of rock // Rheology of soils and weak sediments // Time-dependent behaviour of earth // materials // Moduli of elasticity // Strain energy and fractures // Fractures in rock // Stresses in the upper crust // Residual stresses // Gravitational stresses // Tectonic stresses // Thermal stresses // Finite-element stress analyses // Examples of finite-element analyses // STRENGTH OF EARTH // MATERIALS // Definitions // Strength // Rock and soil // Problems of strength measurements // Shear strength parameters // Cohesion // 27 // 27 // 27 // 27 // 27 // 28 // 30 // 30 // 30 // 31 // 33 // 34 // 35 // 37 // 38 // 40 // 40 // 41 // 42 // 42 // 42 // 43 // 49 // 49 // 49 // 50 // 50 // 51 // Examples of cohesive effects // Apparent cohesion

// Friction // Friction angle // The Coulomb equation // Water and shear strength // Measurement of soil and weak rock // strength // Laboratory tests // Soil shear box tests // Triaxial compression tests // Effective stress analyses // Appropriate parameter // Variation of c and d // Field measurements of soil strength // Strength of intact rock // Unconfined compressive strength test // Rock deformation in compression // Tensile strength test // Triaxial tests // Shear strength of intact rock // Shear testing dies for a uniaxial // machine // Determination of shear strength // Water and rock strength // Field measurements of intact rock // strength // Dynamic measures of elasticity // 6. PROPERTIES OF ROCK MASSES // Joints and other partings // Shear strength of partings in rock // Shear strength of joint wall surfaces // Measurement of joint shear strength // â–  Effective stresses along partings // Rock-mass strength // Classification parameters // Intact strength // Weathering . // Spacing of partings within a rock mass // Orientation of joints // Width, or aperture, of joints // Continuity and infill of joints // Groundwater // Unified classification and rating of // parameters // Strength-equilibrium slopes // Field procedures // Strength criterion for rock masses // 54 // 54 // 56 // 59 // 59 // 63 // 69 // 70 // 71 // 72 // 73 // 74 // 75 // 75 // 76 // 77 // 84 // 87 // 87 // 90 // 93 // 94 // 94 // 94 // 94 // . PROPERTIES OF SOILS // Phase relationships // Behaviour

and water-content // Atterberg limits // Viscosity // Behaviour and loss of structure // Sensitive soils // Liquefaction // Collapsible soils // Dispersible soils // Volume change in clay soils // Compression and consolidation // 8. WEATHERING PROCESSES // Factors affecting weathering // Climatic influences // The physical characteristics of rocks // Processes of weathering // Physical weathering processes // Fatigue failure and stress corrosion // Chemical weathering processes // Biotic weathering // Hydrothermal alteration // Sequence of weathering processes // Indices of weathering // Rates of weathering // Rates of soil formation // 97 // 99 // 100 // 101 // 101 // 103 // 104 // 105 // 108 // 110 // 111 // 111 // 114 // 116 // 118 // 118 // 120 // 123 // 123 // 123 // 126 // 127 // 128 // 144 // 145 // 150 // 152 // 153 // 153 // 155 // 156 // 9. LANDFORMS FROM // WEATHERING, SOILS, AND // DURICRUSTS // Landforms from weathering processes // Case-hardening, weathering rinds, // and rock varnish // Pits, pans, caverns, and rills // Convergence of forms // Landforms from dissolution // Weathering profiles // The solum // Saprolith // Deep weathering // Weathering fronts and etching // Mantle stripping and inherited forms // Duricrusts // Profiles // Origins of ferricretes, alcretes, and // silcretes // Rates of formation and hardening // Landforms and duricrusts // Duricrusts as resources // 157 // 157 // 157 // 158 // 163 // 163 // 164 // 164 // 168 // 170 // 170 // 172

175 // 175 // 178 // 183 // 184 // 184 // 106 // 106 // 107 // 10. HILLSLOPE STRATIGRAPHY // AND FORM // Stratigraphy and slope deposits // Solum characteristics and environment // Soils and topography // 186 // 186 // 186 // 187 // t Hillslopes, catenas, and paleosols 189 // K Hillslope form changes 192 // K Evidence of past erosional events 195 // I Hillslope form 199 // [ Field investigation methods 201 // 11. WATER IN SOILS AND // HILLSLOPE HYDROLOGY 202 // | Water in soils 202 // F Surface tension and capillarity 202 // Soil-water potential 203 // Soil-water content and tension 204 // Soil-water movement 205 // Hillslopes in the hydrological cycle 207 // Interception 208 // Infiltration 208 // Concepts of runoff 213 // Runoff processes 214 // Infiltration-excess overland flow 214 // Subsurface stormflow 214 // Saturation-excess flow 216 // Pipe-flow 217 // Conclusion 218 // 12. EROSION OF HILLSLOPES BY // RAINDROPS AND FLOWING // WATER 219 // Controls on erosion 219 // The climatic factor and raindrop // 221 // 225 // 225 // 226 // Block glides // Translational slides // Flows // Field-study of landslides // Morphometry // Shear-strength testing // Stability analyses // Factor of safety // Stability analyses of shallow // translational slides // Stability analyses of rotational // landslides // Limitations and alternative forms of // analysis // Factors influencing landsliding in soils // Vegetation // Earthquakes // Water // Ice // Weathering // Hillslope form and orientation

// Hillslopes on soils with distinctive // properties // Cliffs in brittle granular soils // Mass wasting on over-consolidated // mudrocks // Slope failure in saprolites and residual // soils // Case studies // erosion // The topographic factor // The vegetation factor // Wash, rill, gully, and piping processes 231 // Wash erosion 231 // Rill erosion 232 // Gully erosion 236 // Pipe erosion 240 // Distribution of erosional and // depositional sites on a hillslope 243 // Caesium-137 tracer 244 // Solution 244 // The geochemical budget // Variations in solute discharge // Solution and rocks // 245 // 246 // 246 // 13. MASS WASTING OF SOILS 249 // Classification of mass wasting 249 // Types of mass wasting in soils 252 // Creep 258 // Falls 258 // Slumps 258 // Lateral spreads 260 // 14. FLOW FAILURES ON // 7 HILLSLOPES // Rheology of water-sediment mixtures // Classification by rheology // Major categories of flows // Problems of classification // Debris flows // Conditions for development // Reports of observers // Morphology of debris flows // Mechanics of failure and movement // Denudation rates // Large rock avalanches // Examples of rock avalanches // Mechanisms of flow // Hazards and uses of avalanches // 15. ROCK-SLOPE PROCESSES // Factors in rock resistance and failure // Geological factors // Climatic factors // Weathering factor // Human factor // Types of rock-slope failure // Falls // Toppling failures // Slides // Stability analyses of slides // Limitations of stability

analyses // Gravitational spreadin // of ridges // Snow avalanches // 333 // 333 // 338 // 338 // 342 // 343 // 344 // 347 // Deposits below rock slopes 349 // Talus mantles and deposits 351 // Development of talus-slope forms 352 // 16. MODELSANDHILLSLOPE // DEVELOPMENT // Types of models // Evolution of soil-covered hillslopes // Deterministic models // Simulation models // Verification of models // Threshold hillslope inclinations and // landsliding // Landscapes in dynamic equilibrium // Limitations of models // Evolution of rock slopes // Deterministic models with talus // formation // Hillslopes controlled by their rockmass strength // Rock slopes which are not in strength // equilibrium // Conclusions // 356 // 357 // 357 // 358 // 361 // 362 // 363 // 364 // 365 // 366 // 368 // 370 // 375 // 17. LANDSLIDE HAZARDS: // AVOIDANCE AND // PROTECTION 377 // Hazard and risk 377 // Regional investigations // Data assembly and mappin // Site investigations // // Summary of contents of investigations // Protection against landslide hazards // 377 // 381 // 381 // 383 // 385 // 18. MAGNITUDESAND // FREQUENCIES OF EROSIONAL // EVENTS // Equilibrium // Thresholds // Periods of form adjustment // Extreme events in slope evolution // Regions of extreme climatic events // Effect on valley floors // Accelerated, induced, and normal // erosion // Conclusion // 388 // 389 // 390 // 392 // 393 // 394 // 395 // 396 // 397 // 19. RATES OF DENUDATION AND // THEIR IMPLICATIONS // Methods of

reportin // data // // Denudation rates and regional climate // River-sediment discharges // Rates of surface processes // Sources of error // Denudation and relief // Tectonic uplift and denudation // Conclusions // APPENDIX // The International System (SI) of Units // References // Index // 398 // 398 // 399 // 399 // 400 // 402 // 405 // 407 // 408 // 411 // 411 // 413 // 446