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BK

Seventh edition

Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2011]

xxxii, 1204 stran : ilustrace (převážně barevné) ; 29 cm

ISBN 978-0-470-28173-4 (vázáno)

Terminologický slovník

Obsahuje bibliografie a rejstřík

001461006

// ’ UCTURE OF MACROMOLECULES // Eukaryotic Cell Structure 1 // Thomas M. Devlin KEY CONCEPTS // CELLS ARE THE BASIS OF LIVING ORGANISMS 2 // Classification of Living Cells 2 // THE ENVIRONMENT OF CELLS: // WATERAND SOLUTES 4 // Hydrogen Bonds Form between Water Molecules 4 // Water Has Unique Solvent Properties 5 // Electrolytes: Dissociation of Molecules in Water 5 // Water Is a Weak Electrolyte 6 // pH, WEAK ACIDS, AND THEIR CONJUGATE // BASES 6 // Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation Defines the Relationship between pH and Concentrations of Conjugate Acid and Base 9 // Buffering Is Important to Control pH 10 // EUKARYOTES: MAMMALIAN CELLS AND TISSUES 11 Mammalian Cells 13 // Chemical Composition of Mammalian Cells 13 FUNCTIONS OF SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES AND MEMBRANE SYSTEMS IN EUKARYOTE CELLS 14 Plasma Membrane Is Limiting Boundary of a Cell 14 Nucleus Is Site of DNA and RNA Synthesis 15 Endoplasmic Reticulum Has a Role in Protein Synthesis and Many Synthetic Pathways 16 Golgi Apparatus Is Involved in Secretion of Proteins 17 .Mitochondria Supply Most of the Cellular Need for ATP 17 Lysosomes Are Required for Intracellular Digestion 18 Peroxisomes Have an Important Role in Lipid . Metabolism 20 // Cytoskeleton Organizes the Intracellular Contents 21 Cytosol Contains Soluble Cellular Components 21 // INTEGRATION AND CONTROL OF CELLULAR FUNCTIONS 21 // DNA and RNA: Composition and Structure 25 // Stephen A. Woski and Francis J. Schmidt // KEY CONCEPTS // NUCLEIC ACIDS AND BIOLOGICAL

INFORMATION 26 // Central Dogma of Molecular Biology 26 DNA Can Transform Cells 26 information Capacity of DNA Is Enormous 27 // 2.2 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS: NUCLEOBASES, NUCLEOSIDES, // AND NUCLEOTIDES 27 // Physical Properties of Nucleosides and Nucleotides 28 Structural Properties of Nucleosides and Nucleotides 29 // 2.3 STRUCTURE OF DNA 30 Polynucleotide Structure and Properties 30 Double-Helical DNA 32 Noncanonical DNA Structures 41 // 2.4 HIGHER-ORDER STRUCTURE OF DNA 48 Genomic DNA May Be Linear or Circular 49 DNA Is Superhelical 49 Topoisomerases 51 // Packaging of Prokaryotic DNA 53 Organization of Eukaryotic Chromatin 54 // 2.5 SEQUENCE AND FUNCTION OF DNA 58 Restriction Endonucleases and Palindromes 58 Most Prokaryotic DNA Codes for Specific Proteins 58 Only a Small Percentage of Eukaryotic DNA Consists // of Functional Genes 59 Repeated Sequences 61 // 2.6 STRUCTURE OF RNA 62 // RNA Is a Polymer of Ribonucleoside 5’-Monophosphates 62 Secondary Structure of RNA Involves Intramolecular Base-Pairing 62 // RNA Molecules Have Tertiary Structures 63 // 2.7 TYPES OF RNA 65 // Transfer RNA Has Two Roles: Activating Amino Acids and Recognizing Codons in mRNA 65 Ribosomal RNA Is Part of the Protein Synthesis Apparatus 65 // Messenger RNAs Carry the Information for the Primary Structure of Proteins 67 Mitochondria Contain Unique RNA Species 68 RNA in Ribonucleoprotein Particles 68 Catalytic RNA: Ribozymes 68 RNAs Can Bind Other Molecules 69 RNAs Control Translation

69 // 3 Proteins I: Composition and Structure 75 // Richard M. Schultz KEY CONCEPTS // 3.1 FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF PROTEINS IN HUMANS 76 // 3.2 AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF PROTEINS 76 // Common Amino Acids 77 // Amino Acids Are Joined into Peptides and Proteins 80 // x // CONTENTS // 3.3 CHARGE AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS 82 // lonizable Groups of Amino Acids and Proteins Are Critical for Biological Function 82 General Relationship between Charge Properties of Amino Acids and Proteins, and pH 85 Amino Acids and Proteins Can Be Separated on the Basis of their Differences in pi 85 Amino Acid Side Chains Have Polar and Apolar Properties 86 // Amino Acids Undergo a Variety of Chemical Reactions 89 // 3.4 PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS 90 // 3.5 HIGHER LEVELS OF PROTEIN ORGANIZATION 92 // Secondary Structure 92 Tertiary Structure 96 Quaternary Structure 97 Unstructured Proteins 98 // Protein Complexes, Networks, and interactomes 99 Bioinformatics Relates Structure and Function of Protein Gene Products 101 Homologous Fold Structures Are Often Formed from Nonhomologous Amino Acid Sequences 101 // 3.6 NONGLOBULAR STRUCTURED PROTEINS 103 // Collagen 103 // Elastin Is a Fibrous Protein with Allysine-Generated Cross-Links 106 Keratin and Tropomyosin 106 Plasma Lipoproteins Are Complexes of Lipids with Proteins 107 // Glycoproteins Contain Covalently Bound Carbohydrate 112 // 3.7 FOLDING OF PROTEINS FROM RANDOMIZED TO UNIQUE STRUCTURES: PROTEIN STABILITY 112 // The Protein

Folding Problem 112 Chaperone Proteins Assist the Protein Folding Process 116 // Noncovalent Forces Lead to Protein Folding and Contribute to a Protein’s Stability 116 Denaturation Leads to Loss of Native Structure 120 // 3.8 DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE 120 // 3.9 CHARACTERIZATION, PURIFICATION, // AND DETERMINATION OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION 121 // Separation of Proteins on Basis of Charge 121 Separation of Proteins Based on Molecular Mass or Size 123 // Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis in the Presence of a Detergent 124 // HPLC Techniques Separate Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 124 Affinity Chromatography 124 General Approach to Protein Purification 124 Proteomic Techniques Determine All the Proteins Expressed in a Cell or Tissue in a Single Assay 125 Determination of Amino Acid Composition of a Protein 127 // X-Ray Diffraction Techniques Are Used to Determine the Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins 129 Spectroscopic Methods for Evaluating Protein Structure and Function 131 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 133 // Part II // TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION // 4 DNA Replication, Recombination, // and Repair 1 // Howard J. Edenberg // KEY CONCEPTS // 4.1 COMMON FEATURES OF REPLICATION, RECOMBINATION, AND REPAIR 140 // 4.2 DNA REPLICATION: FUNDAMENTAL MECHANICS // The Basics 140 // Chemistry of Chain Elongation 141 DNA Polymerases 142 // Separating Parental Strands: The Replication Fork 144 Solving the Polarity Problem: Semi-discontinuous DNA Synthesis 145

Replication Fork Movement 145 // Choreography in Three Dimensions: The Replisome 150 Termination of Replication in Circular Genomes 150 Termination of Replication in Linear Genomes: // Telomeres 150 Epigenetics 151 // 4.3 DNA REPLICATION: ENZYMES AND REGULATION 151 // Prokaryotic Enzymes of Replication 151 Eukaryotic Enzymes of Replication 153 Cell Cycle 157 // Replication of RNA Genomes 158 // 4.4 RECOMBINATION 158 // Homologous Recombination 159 Key Proteins of Recombination in E. Coli 162 Nonhomologous Recombination 163 Pseudogenes 164 // 4.5 DNA DAMAGE AND MUTATIONS 164 Mutations 164 // 4.6 DNA REPAIR 167 Excision Repair 167 Direct Demethylation 172 Photoreactivation 173 // Lesions Can Block Replication 174 // Double-Strand Break Repair 175 // Regulation of DNA Repair: The SOS Regulon 175 // 5 RNA: Transcription and RNA Processing // Frank J. Schmidt and David R. Setzer // KEY CONCEPTS // 5.1 INTRODUCTION 182 // 5.2 MECHANISMS OF TRANSCRIPTION 182 // Initial Process of RNA Synthesis Is Transcription 182 DNA Sequence Information Signals RNA Synthesis 182 // RNA Polymerase Catalyzes the Transcription Process 183 // Steps of Transcription in Prokaryotes 185 // 5.3 TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES 187 Nature of Active Chromatin 188 Transcription Activation Operates by Recruitment // of RNA Polymerase 188 Transcription by RNA Polymerase II 189 // CONTENTS • XI // >y RNA Polymerase I 190 i by RNA Polymerase III 191 ? Enzymatic Basis for RNA Polymerase // ŠSING 193 // IA Is Modified

by Cleavage, Addition, ? Modification 193 // pRNA Processing Releases Several RNAs cer Precursor 195 r RNA Processing Ensures the Correct // jSecuence 196 // Cerase II Recruits Processing Enzymes during In Eukaryotes 196 // i Splicing Signals Cause Human Diseases 198 -RNA Splicing Can Lead to the Synthesis Pe Protein Isoforms from a Single DNA // (Sequence 199 // ?? AND QUALITY CONTROL 199 FERENCE 201 // ION-COUPLED DNA REPAIR 201 : AND RNA TURNOVER 202 ? Messenger RNA Turnover Is Coupled sa::- 203 // Synthesis: Translation and iiional Modifications // 4 // 6.8 // 7.1 // 7.2 // 209 // .’CTION 210 // NTS OF THE TRANSLATIONAL US 210 // ¦RNA Transmits Information Encoded // 211 // |BLA Is a Bilingual Translator Molecule 210 ttc Code Uses a Four-Letter Alphabet ¦ // roes 211 // codon Interactions Permit Reading of mRNA 212  kor of Transfer RNA Activates Amino Acids p Synthesis 216 // ;Are Machines for Protein Biosynthesis 217 BIOSYNTHESIS 221 Is Directional and Colinear with mRNA 221 |ÉEProtein Synthesis Is a Complex Process 221 ?? Stepwise Formation of Peptide Bonds 223 f Polypeptide Synthesis Requires IBoocr 226 // (Has Significant Energy Cost 229 diesis in Mitochondria Differs Slightly 229 Bobcs and Toxins Target Protein 229 // SĚA TU RATION: FOLDING, MODIFICATION, >N AND TARGETING 230 i Aid in Protein Folding 231 V Export Follow the Secretory Pathway 231 n of Proteins Occurs in the Endoplasmic i and Golgi Apparatus 232 // AVE .AND ORGANELLE TARGETING 235 // 4oteins in the

Secretory Pathway 235 lole-.ns by Mitochondria Is Complex 237 iSqrais Direct Proteins to Specific Organelles 239 // FURTHER POSTERANSLATIONAL // MODIFICATIONS 240 // Partial Proteolysis Releases Insulin and Activates Zymogens 240 // Amino Acids Can Be Modified after Incorporation into Proteins 240 // Collagen Biosynthesis Requires Many Posttranslational Modifications 243 // REGULATION OF TRANSLATION 245 // PROTEIN DEGRADATION AND TURNOVER 248 // ATP-Dependent Proteolysis Occurs in Proteasomes 248 // Intracellular Digestion of Some Proteins Occurs in Lysosomes 249 // Other Proteolytic Systems 249 // Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology 255 // Gerald Soslau // KEY CONCEPTS INTRODUCTION 256 // POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION 256 // Nested PCR 257 Quantitative Real-Time PCR 257 // RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE, RESTRICTION MAPS, AND DNA SEQUENCING 258 // Restriction Endonucleases Selectively Hydrolyze DNA 258 // Restriction Maps Permit Routine Preparation of Defined Segments of DNA 259 // Interrupted Enzymatic Cleavage Method: Sanger Procedure 260 // Dye-Terminator Sequencing 262 // RECOMBINANT DNA, CLONING, AND SELECTION OF CLONES 262 // DNA from Different Sources Can Be Ligated to Form a New DNA Species: Recombinant DNA 262 Recombinant DNA Vectors Are Produced by Cloning 264 // Directional Cloning: DNA Inserted into Vector DNA in a Specific Direction 265 // Bacteria Transformed with Recombinant DNA and the Need for a Selection Process 265 Recombinant DNA Molecules in a Gene Library 266 Selection

of Transformed Bacteria by Loss of Antibiotic Resistance 266 // a-Complementation for Selecting Bacteria Carrying Recombinant Plasmids 268 PCR Circumvents the Need to Clone DNA 268 // DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND DNA-BINDING PROTEINS 268 // Nucleic Acids as Probes for Specific DNA or RNA Sequences 268 // Southern Blot Technique for Identifying DNA Fragments 271 // Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism 271 Detection of mRNA 272 Detection of Sequence-Specific DNA-Binding Proteins 272 // COMPLEMENTARY DNA AND COMPLEMENTARY DNA LIBRARIES 275 // mRNA as Template for DNA Synthesis Using Reverse Transcriptase 275