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BK

Fourth edition

Hoboken : Wiley, [2011]

xvi, 477 stran : barevné ilustrace, mapy, plány ; 28 cm

ISBN 978-1-118-67695-0 (brožováno)

Obsahuje bibliografie a rejstřík

001462037

CONTENTS // FOREWORD X DEDICATION ХІ PREFACE ХІІ LIST OF ACRONYMS ХІѴ // Introduction // Q Geographic Information: Science, Systems, and Society 1 // 1.1 Introduction: What Are Gl Science and Systems, and Why Do They Matter? 1 // 1.1.1 The Importance of Location 2 // 1.1.2 Spatial Is Special б // 1.2 Data, Information, Evidence, Knowledge, and Wisdom 9 // 1.3 Gl Science and Systems 1 1 // 1.4 The Technology of Problem Solving 14 // 1.5 The Disciplinary Setting of Gl Science and Systems (GISS) 1 б // 1.5.1 The Historical Perspective 18 // 1.5.2 The Business Perspective 19 // 1.5.3 The Government Perspective 23 // 1.5.4 Computer-Science and Information-Science Perspectives 24 // 1.5.5. The Geography Perspective 25 // 1.5.6 The Societal Perspective 27 // 1.6 Gl Science and Spatial Thinking 30 // 1.7 Gl Systems and Science in Society 31 // Questions for Further Study 3 2 // Further Reading 32 // 1 Principles // Q The Nature of Geographic Data 33 // 2.1 Introduction 33 // 2.2 The Fundamental Problem 34 // 2.3 Spatial Autocorrelation and Scale 37 // 2.4 Spatial Sampling 39 // 2.5 Sampling and VGI 42 // 2.6 Distance Decay 43 // 2.7 Measuring Distance Effects as Spatial // Autocorrelation 48 // 2.8 Taming Geographic Monsters 51 // 2.9 Induction and Deduction and How It All // Comes Together 53 // Questions for Further Study 54 Further Reading 54 // Q Representing Geography 55 // 3.1 Introduction 55 // 3.2 Digital Representation 57 // 3.3 Representation of What and for Whom?

58 // 3.4 The Fundamental Problem 61 // 3.5 Discrete Objects and Continuous Fields 62 // 3.5.1 Discrete Objects 62 // 3.5.2 Continuous Fields 64 // 3.6 Rasters and Vectors 66 // 3.6.1 Raster Data 67 // 3.6.2 Vector Data 68 // 3.6.3 Representing Continuous Fields 68 // 3.7 The Paper Map 69 // 3.8 Generalization 71 // 3.8.1 Generalization about Places 71 // 3.8.2 Generalization about Properties 74 // 3.9 Conclusion 76 // Questions for Further Study 76 // Further Reading 76 // Q Georeferencing 77 // 4.1 Introduction 77 // 4.2 Place-Names and Points of Interest 80 // 4.3 Postal Addresses and Postal Codes 82 // 4.4 IP Addresses 84 // 4.5 Linear Referencing Systems 84 // Contents // 12.4.1 Public Participation and Participatory Gl Systems (PPGIS) 280 // 12.4.2 User Interaction and Representation in 2.5-D and 3-D 282 // 12.4.3 Handheld Computing and Augmented Reality 284 // 12.4.4 Visualizing Geotemporal Dynamics 285 // 12.5 Consolidation 288 // Questions for Further Study 289 Further Reading 289 // © Spatial Data Analysis 290 // 13.1 Introduction: What Is Spatial Analysis? 290 // 13.1.1 Examples 292 // 13.2 Analysis Based on Location 295 // 13.2.1 Analysis of Attribute Tables 296 // 13.2.2 Spatial Joins 299 // 13.2.3 The Point-in-Polygon Operation 300 // 13.2.4 Polygon Overlay 301 // 13.2.5 Raster Analysis 303 // 13.3 Analysis Based on Distance 304 // 13.3.1 Measuring Distance and Length 304 // 13.3.2 Buffering 306 // 13.3.3 Cluster Detection 308 // 13.3.4 Dependence at a Distance

309 // 13.3.5 Density Estimation 31 0 // 13.3.6 Spatial Interpolation 313 // 13.4 Conclusion 317 Questions for Further Study 31 8 Further Reading 318 // © Spatial Analysis and Inference 319 // 14.1 The Purpose of Area-Based Analyses 319 // 14.1.1 Measurement of Area 319 // 14.1.2 Measurement of Shape 320 // 14.2 Centrality 321 // 14.2.1 Centers 322 // 14.2.2 Dispersion 324 // 14.3 Analysis of Surfaces 324 // 14.3.1 Slope and Aspect 324 // 14.3.2 Modeling Travel on a Surface 326 // 14.3.3 Computing Watersheds and Channels 327 // 14.3.4 Computing Visibility 328 // 14.4 Design 329 // 14.4.1 Point Location 330 // 14.4.2 Routing Problems 332 // 14.5 Hypothesis Testing 334 // 14.5.1 Hypothesis Tests on Geographic Data 335 // Contents // 14.6 Conclusion 337 Questions for Further Study 338 Further Reading 338 // © Spatial Modeling with Gl Systems 339 // 15.1 Introduction 339 // 15.1.1 Why Model? 341 // 15.1.2 To Analyze or to Model? 342 // 15.2 Types of Models 343 // 15.2.1 Static Models and Indicators 343 // 15.2.2 Individual and Aggregate Models 343 // 15.2.3 Cellular Models 347 // 15.2.4 Cartographic Modeling and Map Algebra 349 // 15.3 Technology for Modeling 351 // 15.3.1 Operationalizing Models in Gl Systems 351 // 15.3.2 Model Coupling 351 // 15.3.3 Cataloging and Sharing Models 352 // 15.4 Multicriteria Methods 352 // 15.5 Accuracy and Validity: Testing the Model 354 // 15.6 Conclusion 356 Questions for Further Study 357 Further Reading 357 // 4 Policy, Management, and Action

// © Managing Gl Systems 358 // 16.1 Introduction 359 // 16.2 Managing Risk 359 // 16.3 The Case for the Gl System: ROI 360 // 16.4 The Process of Developing a Sustainable Gl System 366 // 16.4.1 Choosing a Gl System: The Classical Acquisition Model 368 // 16.4.2 Implementing a Gl System 373 // 16.4.3 Managing a Sustainable, Operational GI System 375 // 16.5 Sustaining a Gl System—The People and Their Competences 378 // 16.5.1 Gl System Staff and the Teams Involved 378 // 16.5.2 Project Managers 379 // 16.5.3 Coping with Uncertainty 379 // 16.6 Conclusions 380 Questions for Further Study 380 Further Reading 380 // ЖИЮІ // ф Information and Decision Making 381 // 17.1 Why We Need Information 381 // 17.1.1 Trade-Offs, Uncertainty, and Risk 383 // 17.1.2 Organizational Drivers 383 // 17.2 Information as Infrastructure 386 // 17.2.1 Information for Management 387 // 17.3 Different Forms of GI 391 // 17.3.1 Gl about Individuals 394 // 17.3.2 More Novel Forms of Gl 402 // 17.3.3 The Changing World of Gl 402 // 17.4 Open Data and Open Government 404 // 17.4.1 The Metadata Issue 405 // 17.5 Example of an Information Infrastructure: // The Military 406 // 17.5.1 Technological Change and the Military 406 // 17.5.2 The Military Information Infrastructure 407 // 17.5.3 Civilian Spin-Offs 408 // 17.6 Conclusions 409 Questions for Further Study 41 0 Further Reading 410 // 0 Navigating the Risks 411 // 18.1 Clashes Between Scientists and the Judiciary 412 // 18.2 Business Models for

Gl-Related Enterprises 41 2 // 18.3 Legal and Regulatory Constraints 414 // 18.3.1 Geography and the Law 414 // 18.3.2 Three Aspects of the Law and GI 415 // 18.4 Privacy and Gl Systems 421 // 18.4.1 Preserving Privacy without Losing the Use of Personal Information 422 // 18.5 Public Trust, Ethics, and Coping with the Media 424 // 18.5.1 Public Trust 424 // 18.5.2 Ethics 425 // 18.5.3 Coping with the Media 426 // 18.6 Partnerships, Up-Scaling Activities, and Risk Mitigation 426 // 18.6.1 Spatial Data Infrastructures: The U.S. // Experience 427 // 18.6.2 INSPIRE 429 // 18.6.3 UN Initiative on Global Geospatial Information Management 430 // 18.6.4 Have SDIs Worked? 430 // 18.7 Coping with Spatial Stupidity 432 // 18.8 Conclusions 433 Questions for Further Study 434 Further Reading 434 // Ф Epilog: GISS in the Service of Humanity 435 // 19.1 GISS, the Active Citizen, and Citizen Scientists 435 // 19.1.1 Who Can Help? 436 // 19.1.2 Areas Where GISS Contributes 437 // 19.2 Context: Our Differentiated World 437 // 19.3 Context: Our Interdependent World 440 // 19.4 The Process 441 // 19.4.1 Stage 1: Defining and Describing the Issue 442 // 19.4.2 Stage 2: Analyzing and Modeling Spatial Interrelationships 442 // 19.4.3 Stage 3: Devising Possible Solutions 442 // 19.4.4 Communicating Results and Possible Solutions to Decision Makers 443 // 19.4.5 Stage 5: Reflect, Learn, and Educate 443 // 19.5 The Grand Challenges 443 // 19.6 Grand Challenges Whose Effects We Can Help to Ameliorate 445

// 19.6.1 Population Growth 445 // 19.6.2 Poverty and Hunger 446 // 19.6.3 Human Health 448 // 19.6.4 Access to Food, Potable Water, and Boundary Disputes 452 // 19.6.5 Coping with Natural Disasters 453 // 19.6.6 Coping with Terrorism, Crime, and Warfare 456 // 19.6.7 Environmental Sustainability 456 // 19.7 Conclusions 459 Questions For Further Study 460 Further Reading 460 // INDEX 461 // Supplementary Materials Available Online // Ф SM Supplementary Materials // Supplementary Materials 1 Powerpoint Slides Instructor Manual