.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

BK

Sunderland : Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, [2016]

xvii, 476 stran : barevné ilustrace, mapy ; 24 cm

ISBN 978-1-60535-473-6 (brožováno)

Terminologický slovník

Obsahuje bibliografii na stranách 425-461, bibliografické odkazy a rejstřík

001462100

Contents // Chapter 1 // Defining Conservation Biology 2 // The New Science of Conservation Biology 5 The roots of conservation biology 6 A new science is born 12 The interdisciplinary approach: A case study with sea turtles 13 // The Ethical Principles of Conservation Biology 15 // Looking to the Future 17 Summary 18 // Chapter 2 // What Is Biodiversity? 22 // Species Diversity 25 What is a species? 25 Measuring species diversity 28 Genetic Diversity 31 Ecosystem Diversity 33 // What are communities and ecosystems? 33 Species interactions within ecosystems 35 Food chains and food webs 37 Keystone species and resources 38 Ecosystem dynamics 41 // vili Contents // Biodiversity Worldwide 41 // How many species exist worldwide? 41 Where is the world’s biodiversity found? The distribution of species 47 Summary 48 // Chapter 3 // The Value of Biodiversity 52 // Ecological and Environmental Economics Cost-benefit analysis 57 Financing conservation 59 What are species worth? 60 Ecosystem services 60 Economic Use Values 61 Direct use values 61 Consumptive use value 61 Productive use value 63 Indirect use values 68 Ecosystem productivity 68 Water and soil protection 70 Climate regulation 72 Species relationships and environmental monitors 73 Amenity value 74 Educational and scientific value 77 Multiple uses of a single resource: // A case study 77 // The Long-Term View: Option Value 78 Existence Value 80 // Environmental Ethics 83 // Ethical values of biodiversity 83 Deep ecology 86 Summary

87 // Contents ix // Chapter 4 // Threats to Biodiversity 90 // Human Population Growth and Its Impact 92 Habitat Destruction 96 Tropical rainforests 99 Other threatened habitats 102 Desertification 105 Habitat Fragmentation 106 // Threats posed by habitat fragmentation 107 Edge effects 110 // Environmental Degradation and Pollution 112 Pesticide pollution 113 Water pollution 114 Air pollution 117 Global Climate Change 118 // Ocean acidification, warming, and rising sea level 122 // The overall effect of global warming 124 Overexploitation 126 // International wildlife trade 128 Commercial harvesting 130 Invasive Species 132 // Threats posed by invasive species 134 Invasive species on oceanic islands 135 Invasive species in aquatic habitats 136 The ability of species to become invasive 137 Control of invasive species 140 GMOs and conservation biology 141 Disease 142 // A Concluding Remark 146 Summary 146 // Contents // Chapter 5 // Extinction Is Forever 150 // The Meaning of "Extinct" 154 The current, human-caused mass extinction 155 Local extinctions 158 // Extinction rates in aquatic environments 159 Measuring Extinction 160 // Background extinction rates 161 Extinction rate predictions and the island biogeography model 161 Extinction rates and habitat loss 164 Vulnerability to Extinction 166 Problems of Small Populations 172 Loss of genetic diversity 172 Consequences of reduced genetic diversity 176 Factors that determine effective population size 179 // Other factors that

affect the persistence of small populations 184 Demographic stochasticity 184 Environmental stochasticity and catastrophes 187 The extinction vortex 188 Summary 189 // Chapter 6 // Conserving Populations and Species 192 // Applied Population Biology 194 // Methods for studying populations 195 Population viability analysis (PVA) 203 Metapopulations 208 Long-term monitoring 210 Conservation Categories 212 Prioritization: What Should Be Protected? 216 // Contents xi // Legal Protection of Species 222 National laws 222 // International agreements to protect species 228 Summary 232 // Chapter 7 // Bringing Species Back from the Brink 234 // Establishing and Reinforcing Populations 236 Considerations for animal programs 238 Behavioral ecology of released animals 242 Establishing plant populations 243 The status of new populations 244 // Ex Situ Conservation Strategies 246 Zoos 249 Aquariums 255 Botanical gardens 256 Seed banks 258 // Can Technology Bring Back Extinct Species? 261 // Summary 262 // Chapter 8 // Protected Areas 264 // Establishment and Classification of Protected Areas 266 // Marine protected areas (MPAs) 271 The effectiveness of protected areas 272 Measuring effectiveness: Gap analysis 274 // Designing Protected Areas 277 // Protected area size and characteristics 280 // Networks of Protected Areas 283 Habitat corridors 284 // xii Contents // Landscape Ecology and Park Design 286 Managing Protected Areas 288 Managing sites 290 Monitoring sites 292 Management and people

294 Zoning as a solution to conflicting demands 294 Biosphere reserves 296 Challenges to Park Management 298 Poaching 298 Trophy hunting 298 Human-animal conflict 299 Degradation 299 Climate change 299 Funding and personnel 300 Summary 301 // Chapter 9 // Conservation Outside Protected Areas 304 // The Value of Unprotected Habitat 307 Military land 308 Unprotected forests 310 Unprotected grasslands 310 Unprotected waters 311 Land that is undesirable to humans 312 Private land 312 // Conservation in Urban and Other Human-Dominated Areas 313 Other human-dominated landscapes 315 Ecosystem Management 318 Working with Local People 321 Biosphere reserves 324 In situ agricultural conservation 325 Extractive reserves 325 Community-based initiatives 327 // Contents xiii // Payments for ecosystem services 328 Evaluating conservation initiatives that involve traditional societies 330 // Case Studies: Namibia and Kenya 330 Summary 334 // Chapter 10 // Restoration Ecology 336 // Where to Start? 339 Restoration in Urban Areas 344 Restoration Using Organisms 346 Moving Targets of Restoration 350 Restoration of Some Major Communities 351 Wetlands 351 Aquatic systems 353 Prairies and farmlands 355 Tropical dry forest in Costa Rica 357 The Future of Restoration Ecology 359 Summary 360 // Chapter 11 // The Challenges of Sustainable Development 362 // Sustainable Development at the Local Level 365 // Local and regional conservation regulations 365 // Land trusts and related strategies 367 Enforcement

and public benefits 371 Conservation at the National Level 372 // International Approaches to Sustainable Development 374 International Earth summits 374 International agreements that protect habitat 379 // xiv Contents // Funding for Conservation 383 The World Bank and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) 383 // Environmental trust funds 386 Debt-for-nature swaps 387 How effective is conservation funding? 387 Summary 389 // Chapter 12 // An Agenda for the Future 392 // Ongoing Problems and Possible Solutions 394 The Role of Conservation Biologists 402 Challenges for conservation biologists 402 Achieving the agenda 403 Summary 408 // Appendix: Selected Environmental Organizations and Sources of Information 411 // Glossary 415 // Chapter Opening Photograph Credits 424 // Bibliography 425 // Index 463 // About the Author 477