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BK

Seventh edition

Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell, A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication, [2013]

x, 410 stran, 32 nečíslovaných stran obrazových příloh : ilustrace (některé barevné), mapy ; 28 cm

ISBN 978-1-118-57658-8 (brožováno) ISBN !978-1-1185-7658-8 (chyb.)

Terminologický slovník

Obsahuje bibliografii na stranách 345-405 a rejstřík

001462414

CONTENTS // PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION xi // ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xii // PART I: THE PAST AND PRESENT 1 // 1 INTRODUCTION 3 // Chapter Overview 3 // The development of ideas 3 // The development of human population and stages of cultural development 7 // Hunting and gathering 11 // Humans as cultivators, keepers and metal workers 13 // Modern industrial and urban civilizations 20 // Points for review 25 // Guide to reading 25 2 // 2 THE HUMAN IMPACT ON VEGETATION 26 // Chapter Overview 26 // Introduction 26 // The use of fire 27 // Fires: natural and anthropogenic 29 // Some consequences of fire suppression 30 // Some effects of fire on vegetation 32 // vi // CONTENTS // The role of grazing 32 // Deforestation 34 // Secondary rain forest 4 42 // The human role in the creation and maintenance of savanna 43 // The spread of desert vegetation on desert margins 46 // The maquis of the mediterranean lands 51 // The prairies and other mid-latitude and high-altitude grasslands 51 // Post-glacial vegetational change in Britain and Europe 53 // Lowland heaths 55 // Introduction, invasion and explosion 56 // Air pollution and its effects on plants 61 // Forest decline 63 // Miscellaneous causes of plant decline 65 // The change in genetic and species diversity 66 // Conclusion: threats to plant life 67 // Points for review 68 // Guide to reading 69 // 3 HUMAN INFLUENCE ON ANIMALS 70 // Chapter Overview 70 // Domestication of animals 71 // Dispersal and invasions of animals 71

// Human influence on the expansion of animal populations 76 // Causes of animal contractions and decline: pollution 80 // Habitat change and animal decline 83 // Other causes of animal decline 86 // Animal extinctions in prehistoric times 90 // Modern-day extinctions 94 // Points for review ?1 // Guide to reading ?2 // 4 THE HUMAN IMPACT ON THE SOIL 103 // Chapter Overview ?? // Introduction 103 // Salinity: natural sources ?4 // Human agency and increased salinity 105 // Irrigation salinity ?5 // Dryland salinity ?7 // Urban salinity ?8 // Interbasin water transfers 108 // Coastal zone salinity ?9 // Consequences of salinity HO // Reclamation of salt-affected lands 113 // Lateritization ?? // Accelerated podzolization and acidification 114 // Some anthrosols resulting from agriculture and urbanization 115 // Soil carbon 116 // Soil structure alteration 116 // CONTENTS // vii // Soil drainage and its impact // Soil fertilization // Fires and soil quality _ // Soil erosion: general considerations // Soil erosion associated with deforestation and agriculture // Accelerated wind erosion // Soil erosion produced by fire // Soil erosion associated with construction and urbanization Soil conservation Points for review Guide to reading // 118 // 119 // 120 120 122 126 128 // 129 // 130 133 133 // THE HUMAN IMPACT ON THE WATERS // Chapter Overview // Introduction // Deliberate modification of rivers Urbanization and its effects on river flow Vegetation modification and its effect on

river flow The human impact on lake levels Changes in groundwater conditions Water pollution // Chemical pollution by agriculture and other activities Deforestation and its effects on water quality Thermal pollution // Pollution with suspended sediments Marine pollution Points for review Guide to reading // 134 // 134 // 134 // 135 143 145 148 150 155 157 162 // 164 // 165 165 168 168 // HUMAN AGENCY IN GEOMORPHOLOGY // Chapter Overview Introduction // Landforms produced by excavation // Landforms produced by construction and dumping // Sediment transport by rivers // Accelerated sedimentation // Ground subsidence // Arroyo trenching, gullies and peat haggs // Accelerated weathering and the tufa decline // Accelerated mass movements // Deliberate modification of channels // Non-deliberate river-channel changes // Reactivation and stabilization of sand dunes // Accelerated coastal erosion // Changing rates of salt marsh accretion // The human impact on seismicity and volcanoes // Points for review // Guide to reading // 169 // 169 // 169 // 171 // 173 // 174 179 184 187 // 191 // 192 195 195 201 203 // 209 // 210 212 212 // Vili // CONTENTS // 7 THE HUMAN IMPACT ON CLIMATE AND THE ATMOSPHERE 213 // Chapter Overview 213 // World climates 4 213 // The greenhouse gases - carbon dioxide 214 // Other gases 216 // Ozone depletion and climate change 220 // Aerosols 220 // Global dimming and global brightening 222 // Vegetation and albedo change 222 // Forests, irrigation and climate 224

// The possible effects of water diversion schemes 225 // Lakes 226 // Urban climates 226 // Deliberate climatic modification 232 // Geoengineering 234 // Urban air pollution 234 // Air pollution: some further effects 238 // Stratospheric ozone depletion 243 // Conclusions 247 // Points for review 248 // Guide to reading 248 // PART II: THE FUTURE 249 // 8 THE FUTURE: INTRODUCTION 251 // Chapter Overview 251 // Introduction 251 // Changes in the biosphere 255 // Climate and geomorphology 261 // Points for review 265 // Guide to reading 265 // 9 THE FUTURE: COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS 266 // Chapter Overview 266 // Introduction 266 // The steric effect 268 // Anthropogenic contribution to sea-level change 268 // Reduction in lake-water volumes 268 // Water impoundment in reservoirs 268 // Groundwater mining 269 // Urbanization and runoff 269 // Deforestation and runoff 269 // Wetland losses 269 // Irrigation 269 // Synthesis 269 // Permafrost degradation 270 // Melting of glaciers and sea-level rise 270 // CONTENTS // ix // Ice sheets and sea-level rise How fast are sea levels rising? // The amount of sea-levehrise by 2100 Land subsidence Coral reefs // Salt marshes and mangrove swamps // River deltas // Estuaries // Cliffed coasts // Sandy beaches // The role of sediment starvation // Conclusions // Points for review // Guide to reading // 270 // 271 271 // 271 // 272 275 // 277 // 278 // 279 // 280 282 282 282 282 // 10 THE FUTURE: HYDROLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL IMPACTS Chapter Overview

Introduction Rainfall intensity Changes in tropical cyclones Runoff response Cold regions // Changes in runoff in the UK Europe // Other examples // Geomorphological consequences of hydrological and other changes // Weathering // Points for review // Guide to reading // 284 // 284 // 284 // 285 // 286 287 // 289 // 290 // 291 291 293 // 295 // 296 296 // 11 THE FUTURE: THE CRYOSPHERE Chapter Overview The nature of the cryosphere The polar ice sheets and ice caps Valley glaciers and small ice caps // Predicted rates of glacier retreat and some environmental consequences // Sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic // Permafrost regions // Points for review // Guide to reading // 297 // 297 // 297 // 298 300 // 304 // 305 // 306 310 310 // 12 THE FUTURE: DRYLANDS Chapter Overview Introduction // Climate changes in the past Future changes in climate in drylands Wind erosivity and erodibility Future dust storm activity Sand dunes // 312 // 312 // 312 // 314 // 315 317 // 317 // 318 // X CONTENTS // Rainfall and runoff 321 // Lake levels 322 // Sea-level rise and arid zone coastlines 322 // Salt weathering 323 // Points for review 323 // Guide to reading 324 // 13 CONCLUSION 325 // Chapter Overview 325 // The power of non-industrial and pre-industrial civilizations 325 // The proliferation of impacts 327 // Human impacts on the environment in China 330 // Are changes reversible? 331 // The susceptibility to change 334 // Human influence or nature? 335 // Global warming and other pressures 337

// Into the unknown 33g // Points for review 339 // Guide to reading 339 // GLOSSARY 341 // REFERENCES 345 // INDEX 406 // Colour plate section can be found between pages 196-197