.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

BK

First published

Tucson : The University of Arizona Press, [2010]

333 stran : ilustrace, mapy ; 26 cm

ISBN 978-0-8165-2685-7 (brožováno)

Obsahuje bibliografii na stranách 293-323 a rejstřík

Popsáno podle brožovaného dotisku z roku 2011

001463230

List of Figures xiii // List of Tables xvii // Preface xix // Acknowledgments xxi // List of Abbreviations xxiii // 1 Introduction i // Some Interesting Applications of Dendrochronology i // Some Basic Principles and Definitions in Dendrochronology 2 // Subfields of Dendrochronology 4 // Limitations of Dendrochronology 4 // Objective 8 // Summary 8 // 2 Some Basic Principles and Concepts in Dendrochronology 10 // Principle of Uniformitarianism 10 // Principle of Crossdating 11 // Principle of Limiting Factors 15 // Principle of the Aggregate Tree Growth Model 17 // Concept of Autocorrelation 18 // Concept of the Ecological Amplitude 20 // Principle of Site Selection 21 // Principle of Replication 23 // Concept of Standardization 23 // Summary 27 // 3 History of Dendrochronology 28 // The Early Years 28 // The 1700s and the 1709 Frost Ring 28 // The 1800s: Tree Rings Become Common Knowledge 32 // The Early 1900s, Douglass, and Huber 37 // The Modern Era and International Organization 40 // Summary 41 // viii Contents // 4 Growth and Structure of Wood 43 // Tree Physiology 43 // Basic Wood Structure 44 // Cell Features and Types 45 // Forms of Wood Structure 45 // Reaction Wood 46 // Growth Initiation and Absent Rings 46 // Growth Throughout the Year 47 // Ring Anomalies 47 // Summary 49 // 5 Field and Laboratory Methods 72 // Gear 72 // Field Methods 75 // Site Selection 75 // Random Versus Targeted Sampling 76 // Plots, Transects, or Targeted Sampling 76 // Coring a Tree 77 // Testing for a Compressed Core 79 // Taking and Packaging a Core 80 //

Removing an Increment Borer from the Tree 80 // Spanish Windlass Technique for Retrieving a Stuck Borer 82 // Cleaning an Increment Borer 83 // Sharpening an Increment Borer 84 // Laboratory Methods 87 // Preparing Core Samples 88 // Mounting Cores 88 // Untwisting Cores 88 // Sanding Cores 92 // Preparing Cross Sections 94 // Analysis of Cores and Cross Sections 96 // Skeleton Plotting 96 // List Method 100 // Memorization Method 101 // Combining Dating Methods 101 // Measuring Methods 101 // Measuring Systems 102 // Measuring Rings 104 // Pith Indicators 104 // Work Time Distribution 104 // Summary 105 // 6 Computer Programs and Statistical Methods 106 // Statistics in Dendrochronology 107 // Series Intercorrelation 107 // Contents ix // Mean Sensitivity 107 // Gleichläufigkeit (Sign Test) 107 // Running f 109 // Expressed Population Signal 109 // Subsample Signal Strength 109 // Measuring Programs no // MeasureJ2X 110 // Keystroke Tutorial for MeasureJ2X 111 // Dendrochronology Program Library 113 // FMT 113 // COFECHA 115 // Keystroke Tutorial of COFECHA 117 // Reading the Output of COFECHA 119 // Conclusions on COFECHA 133 // EDRM 133 // ARSTAN 133 // Keystroke Tutorial for ARSTAN for Windows 140 // Reading the Output of ARSTAN 141 // Regional Curve Standardization 141 // YUX 143 // Climate Analysis Packages 143 // PRECON 145 // DENDROCLIM 2002 146 // OUTBREAK 148 // Spectral Analysis 149 // EVENT 149 // Conclusion 151 //

7 Dendroarchaeology 152 // Archaeological Methods 154 // Sample Collection 154 // Chronologies Used in Dendroarchaeology 161 // Applications of Dendrochronology to Archaeology 162 // Construction Dates 165 // Dating Artifacts 167 // Climate Reconstructions 167 // Ecological Reconstructions and Anthropogenic Ecology 169 // Fire in the Southwestern United States 170 // Fire in the Eastern United States 170 // Culturally Modified Trees 170 // Insect Outbreaks 172 // Mast 172 // Dendrogeomorphology in Archaeology 172 // Future of Dendroarchaeology 173 // x Contents // 8 Dendroclimatology 174 // Methods of Dendroclimatology 175 // Applications of Dendroclimatology 178 // Climate Indices 180 // Climatic Gradient Studies 182 // Latitudinal Gradient 182 // Treeline Studies 182 // Dendrohydrology: Water Table Height and Flood Events 184 // Segment-Length Curse 187 // Archaeological Uses of Climate Reconstructions 187 // Use of Climate Reconstructions for Future Prediction 188 // 9 Dendroecology 189 // Methods of Dendroecology 189 // Stand-Age Structure 189 // Ring-Width Analysis 190 // Tree Scars 191 // Basal Area Increment 191 // Applications of Dendroecology 191 // Gap-Phase Dynamics 191 // Forest Productivity and Succession 192 // Old Forests 193 // Dendropyrochronology 194 // Surface Fire 195 // Stand-Replacing Fire 199 // Ground Fire 200 // Seasonal Resolution of Fire Scars 201 // Fire in the Southwestern United States 201 // Fire in Scandinavia 201 // Fire in Canada 204 // Dendroentomology 205 // Stem Analysis 209 // Conclusions on Dendroentomology 211 //

Wildlife Populations and Herbivory 213 // Distributional Limits of Species 215 // Treeline and Subarctic Studies 216 // Interactions of Multiple Disturbances 216 // Other Applications of Dendroecology 217 // Conclusion 218 // 10 Dendrogeomorphology 219 // Sources of information 221 // Reaction Wood 221 // Death Dates 222 // Establishment Dates 222 // Contents xi // Wound Events 223 // Coarse Woody Debris 224 // Roots 224 // Subfields of Dendrogeomorphology 224 // Dendrovolcanology 224 // Dendroglaciology 226 // Mass Movement 227 // Dendroseismology: Plate Boundaries, Faults, and Earthquakes 228 // Limitations of Dendrogeomorphology 230 // Conclusion 230 // 11 Dendrochemistry 231 // Methods of Elemental Analysis 231 // Radial T ranslocation 233 // Other Confounding Factors 234 // Event Reconstructions 234 // Elements That Are Useful in Dendrochemistry 235 // Conclusions on Dendrochemistry 235 // Radiometric Isotopes 235 // Stable Isotopes 236 // Limitations 243 // Standard Procedures 244 // Fractionation 245 // Other Usable Elements 248 // Conclusion 249 // 12 Frontiers in Dendrochronology 250 // Stable Isotopes 251 // Multiple Proxies 251 // Image Analysis of Reflected Light 252 // Wood Anatomy 252 // Tropical Dendrochronology 253 // Unique Environments 255 // Sclerochronology 256 // Conclusion 256 // Appendix A. Tree and Shrub Species That Have Been Used by // Dendrochronologists 257 // Appendix B. Age of the Oldest Trees per Species 275 // Appendix C. Pith Indicators 283 // Appendix D. Field Note Cards 285 // Appendix E. Web Resources 289 // References 291 // Index 325