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0 (hodnocen0 x )

BK

Third edition

Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2015

xx, 675 stran : ilustrace, mapy ; 24 cm

ISBN 978-0-12-386913-5 (vázáno)

Obsahuje bibliografii na stranách 559-665 a rejstřík

001463255

THIRD EDITION // PALEOCLIMATOLOGY // Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary // RAYMOND S. BRADLEY // Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary, Third Edition provides a comprehensive overview of the methods of paleoclimatic reconstruction and of the historical changes in climate during the past three million years. 1 his thoroughly updated and revised text systematically examines each type of proxy and elucidates the major attributes and the limitations of each. The text is richly illustrated and includes an extensive bibliography for further research. // New to this Edition // • New sections on speleothems, loess, and lake sediments // • Fully revised chapters on ice cores, marine sediments, pollen analysis, dendroclimatology, and historical records // • Extensive revisions to chapters on dating methods and climate forcing // • More than 1000 new references // • More than 150 new figures // Cover photo courtesy of Stefan Kröpelin, University of Cologne. // ELSEVIER // - // ACADEMIC PRESS // - // ISBN 978-0-12-386913-5 // An imprint of Elsevier store.elsevier.com // 9 // // Acknowledgments xi Front Cover Photograph xiii Foreword xv // Preface to the Third Edition xix // 1. Paleoclimatic Reconstruction // Introduction 1 // Sources of Paleoclimatic Information 4 Levels of Paleoclimatic Analysis 9 Modeling in Paleoclimatic Research 10 // 2. Climate and Climatic Variation // The Nature of Climate and Climatic Variation 13 The Climate System 16 Feedback Mechanisms 24 Energy Balance of the Earth and Its Atmosphere 27 // Timescales of Climatic Variation 33 Variations of the Earth’s Orbital Parameters 36 Solar Forcing 46 Volcanic Forcing 50 // 3. Dating Methods I // Introduction and Oveiryiew 55 Radioisotopic Methods 57 Radiocarbon Dating 59 Potassium’Argon Dating (40K/40Ar) 83 // Uranium’Series Dating 85 Luminescence Dating: Principles and Applications 91 //

Surface Exposure Dating 98 FissionTrack Dating 100 // 4. Dating Methods II // Paleomagnetism 103 // The Earth’s Magnetic Field 104 Magnetization of Rocks and Sediments 105 The Paleomagnetic Timescale 107 Geomagnetic Excursions 108 Relative Paleointensity Variations 110 Secular Variations of the Earth’s Magnetic Field 111 Dating Methods Involving Chemical Changes 111 Amino Acid Dating 113 Obsidian Hydration Dating 124 Tephrochronology 125 Biological Dating Methods 129 Lichenometry 129 Dendrochronology 135 // Ice Cores // Introduction 137 Stable Isotope Analysis 141 // Stable Isotopes in Water: Measurement and Standardization 143 Oxygen-18 Concentration in Atmospheric Precipitation 144 // Factors Affecting the Stable Isotope Record in Ice Cores 145 Deuterium Excess 151 Dating Ice Cores 154 // Radioisotopic Methods 155 Seasonal Variations and Episodic Events 155 Theoretical Models 165 Chronostratigraphic Correlations 167 Paleoclimatic Reconstruction from Ice Cores 167 Ice’Core Records from Greenland 167 Ice’Core Records from Antarctica 175 Past Atmospheric Composition from Polar Ice Cores 180 // Greenhouse Gas Records in Ice Cores 184 Ice’Core Records from Low Latitudes 189 // 6. Marine Sediments // Introduction 196 // Paleoclimatic Information from Biological Material in Ocean Cores 197 // Oxygen Isotope Studies of Calcareous Marine Fauna 199 // Isotopic Composition of the Oceans 201 Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy 211 Orbital Tuning 215 // Orbital Forcing: Evidence from the Marine Record 220 // Sea Level Changes and 0180 222 Paleotemperatures from Relative Abundance Studies 225 // Paleotemperature Reconstruction from Sediment Geochemistry 228 // Paleotemperatures from Alkenones 228 Paleotemperatures from TEXgó and Long’Chain Diols 231 // IP25 and Related Sea Ice Proxies 234 Paleotemperatures from Mg/Ca Ratios 238 Oceanographic Conditions at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 239 //

Paleoclimatic Information from Inorganic Material in Marine Sediments 244 Thermohaline Circulation of the Oceans 248 Tracers in the Ocean 252 Changes in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: The Role of the Oceans 258 Abrupt Climate Changes 263 Heinrich Events 267 // 7. Loess // Chronology of Loess’Paleosol Sequences 284 Paleoclimatic Significance of LoesS’Paleosol Sequences 287 // 8. Speleothems // Isotopic Variations in Speleothems 295 Tropical and Subtropical Paleoclimate Variability from Speleothems 296 // Speleothems and Glacial Terminations 299 Millennial to Centennial Scale Changes 302 Late Glacial and Holocene Records 304 Stalagmite Records of the Last Two Millennia 310 // Paleoclimatic Information from Periods of Speleothem Growth 311 // Speleothems as Indicators of Sea-Level Variations 315 // 9. Lake Sediments // Sedimentology and Inorganic Geochemistry 320 Varves 323 // Pollen, Macrofossils, and Phytoliths 324 // Ostracods 327 // Diatoms 327 // Stable Isotopes 330 // Organic Biomarkers 338 // 10. Nonmarine Geologic Evidence // Introduction 345 // Periglacial Features 346 // Snowlines and Glaciation Thresholds 351 // The Climatic and Paleoclimatic Interpretation of Snowlines and EL As 352 The Age of Former Snowlines 356 Mountain Glacier Fluctuations 358 Evidence of Glacier Fluctuations 359 The Record of Glacier Front Positions 360 Lake’level Fluctuations 362 // Hydrologic Balance Models 366 HydrologiC’Energy Balance Models 370 Regional Patterns of Lake-Level Fluctuations 371 // 11 Insects and Other Biological Evidence from Continental Regions // Introduction 377 Insects 377 // Paleoclimatic Reconstructions Based on Fossil Coleoptera 379 // Paleoclimatic Reconstruction Based on Aquatic Insects 384 // Former Vegetation Distribution from Plant Macrofossils 388 Arctic Tree Line Fluctuations 389 // CONTENTS // IX // Alpine Tree Line Fluctuations 392 Lower Tree Line Fluctuations and Rodent Middens 395 Peat 400 //

Pollen // Introduction 405 The Basis of Pollen Analysis 406 Pollen Grain Characteristics 408 Pollen Productivity and Dispersal: The Pollen Rain 410 // Sources of Fossil Pollen 410 Preparation of the Samples 411 Pollen Analysis of a Site: The Pollen Diagram 411 // Zonation of the Pollen Diagram 414 Pollen Rain as a Representation of Vegetation Composition and Climate 414 Maps of Modem Pollen Data 416 Mapping Vegetation Change: Isopolls and Isochrones 418 // How Rapidly Does Vegetation Respond to Changes in Climate? 422 // Quantitative Paleoclimatic Reconstructions Based on Pollen Analysis 425 // Paleoclimatic Reconstruction from Long Quaternary Pollen Records 434 Europe 434 // Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia 438 Central American Lowlands 441 Amazonia 443 // Equatorial and Sub-Saharan Africa 445 Northeastern Siberia 449 // 13. Tree Rings // i // Introduction 453 // Fundamentals of Dendroclimatology 454 Sample Selection 456 Cross Dating 458 // Standardization of Ring-Width Data 463 Divergence 469 // Calibration of Tree-Ring Data 470 // Verification of Climatic Reconstructions 476 Dendroclimatic Reconstructions 480 // Reconstructions of Temperatures over the Northern Hemisphere 480 Drought Reconstruction 481 Reconstruction of Atmospheric Circulation Modes 487 // Wildfires and Dendroclimatology 490 Isotopic Dendroclimatology 493 ô180 and 62H 493 513C 495 // 14. Corals // Coral Records of Past Climate 499 // Paleoclimate from Coral Growth Rates 506 // Luminescence in Corals 506 // ô180 in Corals 507 // 513C in Corals 510 // A14C in Corals 510 // Trace Elements in Corals 511 // Fossil Coral Records 512 // 15. Historical Documents // Introduction 517 // Historical Records and Their Interpretation 519 Historical Weather Observations 524 Historical Records of Weather-Dependent Natural Phenomena 526 // Phenological and Biological Records 534 Regional Studies Based on Historical Records 538 East Asia 540 Europe 544 //

Records of Climate Forcing Factors 545 Climate Paradigms for the Last Millennium 548 // Appendix A 553 Appendix ? 557 References 559 Index 667