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BK

London ; San Diego ; Cambridge ; Oxford : Elsevier Academic Press, [2017]

xx, 805 stran : ilustrace, portréty ; 24 cm

ISBN 978-0-12-803550-4 (brožováno)

Obsahuje bibliografie a rejstřík

001463434

Contents // About the Authors xiii Preface xv Introduction xvii // 1. Chemical Composition of Living Beings // Biogenic Elements 1 Biological Compounds 2 Summary 3 Bibliography 3 // Hemoglobin 49 Heme 50 Globin 51 // Hemoglobin Derivatives 56 Abnormal Hemoglobins 56 Blood Plasma Proteins 58 Main Proteins in Blood Plasma 60 Muscle Proteins 64 Muscle Contraction 67 Summary 69 Bibliography 71 // 2. Water // The Water Molecule is Polar 5 // Hydrogen Bond 5 // Water as Solvent 7 // Water as an Electrolyte 8 // Equilibrium Constant 9 // Equilibrium of Water Ionization 10 // Acids and Bases 11 // Acids and Bases Strength 12 // pH 12 // Buffers 13 // Titration Curve of Acids and Bases 15 Appendix 16 Summary 18 Bibliography 19 // 3. Proteins // Proteins are Macromolecules Formed by Amino Acids 21 Amino Acids 22 Peptides 30 Proteins 33 Collagen 47 Keratins 49 // 4. Carbohydrates // Monosaccharides 73 Disaccharides 83 Polysaccharides 84 Summary 95 Bibliography 97 // 5. Lipids // Classification 99 // Fatty Acids 99 // Essential Fatty Acids 104 // Simple Lipids 104 // Complex Lipids 108 // Substances Associated with Lipids 114 // Summary 117 // Bibliography 119 // 6. Nucleic Acids // Nucleotides 121 Nucleic Acids 123 Virus 136 // Free Nucleotides 137 Summary 139 Bibliography 140 // vii // viii // CONTENTS // 7. Elements of Thermodynamics and Biochemical Kinetics // Thermodynamics 141 Chemical Kinetics 148 Summary 151 Bibliography 152 // 8. Enzymes // Enzymes are Biological Catalysts 153 Nomenclature

and Classification of Enzymes 153 // Chemical Nature of Enzymes 156 Metalloenzymes 157 Enzymatic Catalysis 157 Active Site 158 Zymogens 160 // Genetic Alterations that Affect Enzyme Function 160 Enzyme Distribution Within the Cell 160 Multienzyme Systems 161 Determination of Enzyme Activity 161 Factors that Modify Enzyme Activity 161 Enzyme Inhibitors 165 Regulation of Enzyme Activity 168 Constitutive and Inducible Enzymes 170 // Enzymatic Processes in Cascade 171 Isozymes 172 // Determination of Enzymes in the Clinical Laboratory 173 Summary 174 Bibliography 175 // 9. Biological Oxidations: Bioenergetics // The Energy Rich Intermediate ATP 177 Oxidation-Reduction 178 Biological Oxidations 181 Respiratory Chain 184 Oxidative Phosphorylation 190 Phosphorylation at Substrate Level 201 Other Electron Transport Systems 202 Summary 202 Bibliography 203 // 10. Antioxidants // Reactive Species 205 Summary 213 Bibliography 213 // 11. Membranes // Structure 215 // Transport Across Membranes 224 // Passive Transport or Facilitated Diffusion 226 // Active Transport 233 // Summary 249 // Bibliography 250 // 12. Digestion - Absorption // Saliva 251 Gastric Juice 254 Pancreatic Juice 258 Intestinal Mucosa 260 Bile 261 // Summary of the Digestive Process 264 Absorption 267 Summary 272 Bibliography 273 // 13. Metabolism // Metabolic Pathways 275 Metabolic Studies 277 Regulation of Metabolism 279 Summary 281 Bibliography 281 // 14. Carbohydrate Metabolism // Glucose Uptake Into Cells 284 Glucose

Phosphorylation 285 Metabolic Pathways for Glucose 287 Metabolism of Other Hexoses 311 Biosynthesis of the Oligosaccharides of Glycoproteins 316 Summary 320 Bibliography 323 // CONTENTS // 15. Lipid Metabolism // Blood Lipids 326 Plasma Lipoproteins 326 Tissue Lipids 334 Fat Metabolism 334 Fatty Acid Catabolism 335 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis 343 Eicosanoid Biosynthesis 349 Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis 353 Biosynthesis of Phospholipids 354 Congenital Disorders of Complex Lipid Catabolism 356 Cholesterol Metabolism 358 Cholesterol Biosynthesis 358 Summary 363 Bibliography 365 // 16. Amino Acid Metabolism // Essential Amino Acids 370 Amino Acid Catabolism 373 Metabolic Pathways of Ammonia 376 Other General Mechanisms of Amino Acid Metabolism 384 // Metabolic Pathways of Amino Acids 387 Summary 397 Bibliography 399 // 17. Heme Metabolism // Heme Biosynthesis 401 Catabolism of Heme 405 Summary 411 Bibliography 412 // 18. Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism // Purine Biosynthesis 413 Purine Salvage Pathway 416 Purine Catabolism 416 Uric Acid 418 Gout 418 // Pyrimidine Biosynthesis 419 // Pyrimidine Catabolism 421 // Di- and Triphosphate Nucleoside Biosynthesis 421 // Deoxyribonucleotide Biosynthesis 422 Pharmacological Applications 422 Summary 423 Bibliography 423 // 19. Integration and Regulation of Metabolism // Metabolic Integration 425 Metabolic Regulation 427 Summary 444 Bibliography 445 // 20. Metabolism in Some Tissues // Liver Metabolism 447 Skeletal Muscle Metabolism 455 Heart Metabolism

459 Adipose Tissue Metabolism 460 Nervous Tissue Metabolism 461 Summary 462 Bibliography 463 // 21. The Genetic Information (I) // DNA Replication 465 Transcription 475 // Methods Used in Molecular Biology 481 Summary 491 Bibliography 492 // 22. The Genetic Information (II) // Protein Biosynthesis 493 // Mechanism of Protein Biosynthesis 502 // Genetic Mutations 510 // Oncogenes 518 // Epigenetics 521 // Summary 522 // Bibliography 523 // 23. Regulation of Gene Expression // Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 525 Structure of Gene Regulatory Proteins 527 // x // CONTENTS // Role of Noncoding RNAs 529 Small RNAs 529 RNA Interference 529 Long Noncoding RNA 531 Riboswitches 532 CRISPR 532 Summary 533 Bibliography 533 // 24- Posttranslational Protein Modifications Protein Folding 535 // Pathologies Caused by Misfolded Proteins 536 // Posttranslational Protein Modifications 537 // ADP-Ribosylation 538 // Ubiquitination 541 // Sumoylation 542 // Nucleotidylation 542 // Summary 545 // Bibliography 545 // 25. Biochemical Basis of Endocrinology (I) Receptors and Signal Transduction // Receptors 548 // Signal Transduction Systems 556 Neurotransmitter Receptors 568 Summary 571 Bibliography 572 // 26. Biochemical Bases of Endocrinology (II) Hormones and Other Chemical Intermediates // Hormones: Chemical Nature 573 Hypothalamic Hormones 576 Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysys) 578 Adrenocorticotropin Hormone 578 ThyrokLstimulating Hormone 580 Gonadotropins 580 Lactogenic Hormone or Prolactin 581

Growth Hormone or Somatotropin 582 Melanocyte Stimulatory Hormone 585 Placenta 585 // Chorionic Gonadotropin Hormone 585 Placental Lactogen 585 Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis) 586 Oxytocin 586 // Arginine Vasopressin 587 // Thyroid 588 // Adrenal Gland 593 // Adrenal Cortex Hormones 593 // Adrenal Medulla Hormones 601 // Pancreas 605 // Insulin 605 // Glucagon 611 // Somatostatin 612 // Glucose Homeostasis 613 // Diabetes Mellitus 613 // Testis Androgens 616 // Ovary 620 // Ovarian Hormones 620 // Ovarian Peptide Hormones 624 // Parathyroid Gland 624 // Parathyroid Hormone 624 // Calcitonin 627 // Kidney 628 // Renin 628 // Erythropoietin 629 // Bradykinin 629 // Endo the Un 630 // Urodilatin 630 // Calcitriol 630 // Heart 630 // Gastrointestinal Hormones 631 // Gastrin 631 // Secretin 631 // Cholecystokinin 632 // Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide 632 // Enteroglucagon 632 // Ghrelin 633 // Amyl in 633 // Galanin 633 // Pineal Gland 633 // Eicosanoids 634 // Growth Factors 636 // Nervous System Chemical Intermediaries 637 Summary 640 Bibliography 644 // 27. Vitamins // Fat’Soluble Vitamins 646 Soluble Vitamins 663 Summary 685 Bibliography 687 // CONTENTS // 28. Water and Acid-Base Balance // Water Distribution in the Body 690 Water Balance 691 Ionic Composition of Body Fluids 691 Alterations of the Water Balance 697 H+ Concentration in Body Fluids 699 Regulation of H+ Concentration 700 Carbon Dioxide Transport 702 Regulatory Systems 704 Respiratory Regulation 704 Renal Regulation

705 Regulation of Intracellular pH 707 Acid-Base Balance Disorders 708 H+ Excretion Regulation 710 Laboratory Studies in Acid-Base Disorders 710 Summary 711 Bibliography 713 // 29. Essential Minerals // Macrominerals 715 Trace Elements 735 Summary 741 Bibliography 743 // 30. Molecular Basis of Immunity // Immune System 745 // Innate System 745 // Adaptive System 746 // Genetic Diversity of Immunoglobulins 753 // Complement 760 // Cellular Immunity 764 // Cytokines 773 // Summary 777 // Bibliography 780 // 31. Hemostasis // Blood Coagulation 781 Summary 788 Bibliography 789 // 32. Apoptosis // Extrinsic Pathway 793 // Intrinsic or Mitochondrial Pathway 793 // Summary 795 // Bibliography 796 // Alphabetic Index 797