Contents // List of abbreviations // Introduction...7 // 1. The “wrong direction”: inverse translation in western translation theory and practice // Definition of key terms...9 // Translation into the non-mother tongue in historical perspective... 14 // Inverse translation in current translation studies scholarship..20 // The practice of translation into the non-mother tongue today...26 // Summary...29 // 2. Translating into English as a foreign language in Slovakia: the survey // Respondents, methodology and implications...31 // Who the Slovak translators are and how they feel about translating into a foreign language...34 // How much and what is translated from Slovak to English...41 // How Slovak translators go about translating into English...48 // Summary...58 // 3. The challenges in inverse translation training: formulating a general approach // Translation into the non-mother tongue as part of foreign language learning...61 // 4 // Towards a model of foreign language translation competence...63 // Foreign language proficiency and the primacy of writing...65 // In the business of non-literary translation: the translation // type - translation competence continuum...69 // Summary...76 // Conclusion...78 // Appendix 1: Facsimile of the survey questions and answers...89 // Appendix 2: Statistical analysis of data from // selected survey questions...99 // 5