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BK

4th edition

London : Macmillan, 2014

viii, 344 stran : barevné ilustrace ; 27 cm

ISBN 978-0-230-46381-3 (brožováno)

Obsahuje rejstřík

001473234

Contents // Introduction viii // Grammar 1 Present time 1 Basic contrasts: present simple and present continuous State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs State verbs normally without a continuous form Difference of meaning in stative and active verbs Other uses of present continuous Other uses of present simple // Grammar 2 Future time 7 Basic contrasts: will, going to, present continuous Future continuous Future perfect Other ways of referring to the future Other future references // Grammar 3 Past time 14 Basic contrasts: past simple and past continuous Past perfect simple and continuous Used to and would Unfulfilled past events Polite forms Contrast with present perfect verb forms // Grammar 4 Present perfect 21 Present perfect simple Present perfect continuous Time expressions with the present perfect // Consolidation 1 Units 1-4 28 // Grammar 5 Passive 1 33 Basic uses of the passive Mentioning or not mentioning the agent // Grammar 6 Passive 2 40 Have and get something done, need doing Passive get Reporting verbs Verbs with prepositions Common contexts for the passive // Grammar 7 Conditionals 46 Basic usage: truths, real situations, hypothetical situations (present and past) Variations: if only, unless and other alternatives to if, past events with results in the present, should, were to, happen to, if it were not for, if it hadn’t been for, will / would // iii // CONTENTS // Grammar 8 // Consolidation 2 Grammar 9 // Grammar 10 // Other ways of making a conditional

sentence: supposing, otherwise, but for, if so, if not, colloquial omission of if, if and adjectives, ?/meaning although // Unreal time and subjunctives 54 // Its time Wishes // ld rather I ld prefer (followed by a clause) // As if, as though Suppose and imagine Formal subjunctives Formulaic subjunctive // Units 5-8 60 // Modals: present and future 65 // Dont have to and must not: absence of obligation, obligation not to do something // Should and ought to: expectation, recommendation, criticism of an action, uncertainty with verbs of thinking, with be and adjectives describing chance, after in case to emphasize unlikelihood Could: possibility or uncertainty, with comparative adjectives to express possibility or impossibility, suggestions, unwillingness Can: criticism, capability // Must and cant: certainty, present time reference only // May and might: although clauses, may / might as well, possibility // or uncertainty, with try // Shall: certainty, what the speaker wants to happen, in formal rules // Will: assumption, intention, to refuse or insist // Would: to express a conditional sense // Need and need to: need to not a modal, need partly a modal // Dare: with and without to // Related non-modal expressions: had better, be bound to Modals: past 72 // Had to and didnt have to: past obligation or absence of obligation // Should have and ought to have: expectation, criticism of an // action, should have and verbs of thinking, with be and // adjectives describing chance, polite

expressions // Could have and couldn’t have: past possibility or uncertainty, with // comparative adjectives, unwillingness // Could: past permission or ability, compared with could have // May have and might have: past possibility, uncertainty, to // express annoyance // Must have and cant have: certainty, with surely Would not: unwillingness // Would have: events in the past which did not happen, assumptions // CONTENTS // Grammar 11 // Grammar 12 // Consolidation 3 Grammar 13 // Grammar 14 Grammar 15 // Grammar 16 // Needrit have and didnt need to: unnecessary actions done and not done // Adverbs and modals: easily, just, really, well // Inversion // Inversion // Inversion after negative adverbials Inversion after so / such with that Inverted conditional sentences without if // Emphasis // Changing word order to change focus Adding words for emphasis Other means // Units 9-12 92 // Reported speech 97 // Problems: reported speech with modals, with conditionals, dont think Reporting verbs // Functions: verbs that describe a function, verbs that describe actions // Changes of viewpoint // Articles 104 // Definite article (the) // Indefinite article (a / an) // Zero article Translation problems // Relative clauses and non-finite clauses 111 // Defining and non-defining clauses Which, who and that Who and whom Whose // When and where // Omitting the relative pronoun // Sentences ending in a preposition or phrasal verb // Omitting which / who + be // Which to comment on the main

clause // Clauses beginning with what and whatever // Non-finite clauses containing an -ing form // Verbs + infinitive or -ing 118 // Verbs followed by either -ing or infinitive with to Verbs with an object, followed by either -ing or infinitive with to // Verbs normally followed by infinitive with to Verbs normally followed by -ing Verbs followed by infinitive without to Verbs followed by an object and to // 78 // 85 // CONTENTS // Consolidation 4 Units 13-16 126 // Grammar 17 Verbs + prepositions Verbs followed by: about, against, at, for, from, in, of, on, to, with 131 // Grammar 18 Prepositions Prepositions following adjectives: about, at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to, with Prepositions following nouns:/or, on, over, to, with Expressions beginning: after, at, beyond, by, for, in, on, out of, under, with, within, without 138 // Grammar 19 Phrasal verbs 1 Add up to get up to 144 // Grammar 20 Phrasal verbs 2 Give away to put up with 150 // Grammar 21 Phrasal verbs 3 Rip off to work out 156 // Consolidation 5 Units 17-21 162 // Grammar 22 Linking words and phrases Text organizers: adding a point, developing a point, explaining a point, contrast, explaining reasons, making generalizations, starting, giving new information, concession / qualification, giving a personal opinion 167 // Grammar 23 Punctuation and spelling 172 // Words commonly misspelled: common errors, words with similar spelling but different meanings, words with the same pronunciation // but different spelling

and meaning Punctuation: commas, apostrophes, colons and semi-colons // Consolidation 6 Units 22-23 178 // Grammar 24 Further practice 182 // Vocabulary 1 Leisure activities 188 // Vocabulary 2 Travel and movement 192 // Vocabulary 3 News events 196 // Vocabulary 4 Places 200 // Vocabulary 5 Media and advertising 204 // Vocabulary 6 The natural world 208 // Vocabulary 7 Work 211 // Vocabulary 8 Business and money 215 // Vocabulary 9 People and relationships 219 // Vocabulary 10 Social problems 223 // Vocabulary 11 Entertainment 227 // Vocabulary 12 Government and society 231 // Vocabulary 13 Health and the body 235 // Vocabulary 14 World issues 239 // Vocabulary 15 Thinking and feeling 243 // Vocabulary 16 Technology 247 // Vocabulary 17 Quality and quantity 250 // Vocabulary 18 Education 254 // Vocabulary 19 Word formation 258 // Vocabulary 20 Multiple meaning 262 // Words and phrases // 1 Expressions with come, expressions with in, idioms based on // hand, wood and metal, prefix un-, verbs of movement 265 // 2 Expressions with get, colour idioms, common phrases, // expressions with see, suffix -fui, expressions with out 268 // 3 Expressions with on, expressions with one, expressions with // break, sounds, words connected with memory 271 // 4 Formality, expressions with no, expressions with head, // words connected with people, expressions with make, compound words 274 // 5 Size, suffixes, headline language, body movements, // expressions with at 277 // 6 Expressions with set,

places, words with more than one meaning, speaking, expressions with within, adjective // suffix -ing 280 // 7 Expressions with by, idioms with parts of the body, adjective-noun collocations, expressions with have, verbs // of seeing, expressions with do, time expressions 283 // 8 Collocations of nouns linked with of, size and amount, expressions with bring, feelings, prefix well, expressions // with/rom 286 // 9 Adverbs, expressions with think, expressions with give, // modifiers, words with more than one meaning, but 289 // 10 Expressions with put, expressions with run, prefix under-, // names, expressions with call, verbs with up 292 // Index 295 // Vocabulary wordlist 297 // Grammar answers 313 // Vocabulary answers 331 // Words and phrases answers 340