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BK

Sixth edition

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2017

xi, 356 stran : ilustrace (některé barevné) ; 25 cm

ISBN 978-1-107-15299-1 (vázáno)

ISBN 978-1-316-60675-9 (brožováno)

Terminologický slovník

Dotisk 2019

Obsahuje bibliografii na stranách 333-346, bibliografické odkazy a rejstřík

001480595

Preface // 1 The Origins of Language // The Divine Source // The Natural Sound Source // The "Bow-Wow" Theory The "Pooh-Pooh" Theory // The Social Interaction Source The Physical Adaptation Source // Teeth and Lips Mouth and Tongue Larynx and Pharynx // The Tool-Making Source // The Human Brain // The Genetic Source // The Innateness Hypothesis // Study Questions Tasks // Discussion Topics/Projects Further Reading // 2 Animals and Human Language // Communication // Properties of Human Language // Displacement Arbitrariness Cultural Transmission Productivity Duality // Talking to Animals Chimpanzees and Language // Washoe Sarah and Lana The Controversy Kanzi // Using Language Study Questions Tasks // Discussion Topics/Projects Further Reading // 3 The Sounds of Language 27 // Phonetics 28 // Consonants 28 // Voiced and Voiceless Sounds 28 // Place of Articulation 29 // Familiar Symbols 30 // Unfamiliar Symbols 30 // Transcribing Sounds (Not Letters) 31 // Manner of Articulation 32 // A Consonant Chart 33 // Glottal Stops and Flaps 33 // Vowels 34 // Diphthongs 35 // American and British Diphthongs 36 // Subtle Individual Variation 36 // Study Questions 37 // Tasks 38 // Discussion Topics/Projects 40 // Further Reading 41 // 4 The Sound Patterns of // Language 42 // Phonology 43 // Phonemes 44 // Natural Classes 44 // Phones and Allophones 45 // Complementary Distribution 46 // Minimal Pairs and Sets 46 // Phonotactics 46 // Syllables 47 // Consonant Clusters 47 // Coarticulation Effects 48 // Assimilation 48 // Nasalization 48 // Elision 49 // Normal Speech 49 // Study Questions 50 // Tasks 50 // Discussion Topics/Projects 53 // Bob Belviso Translated 53 // Further Reading 54 // 5 Word Formation 55 // Neologisms 56 // Etymology 56 // Borrowing 57 // Loan-Translation 57 // Compounding 58 // Blending 58 // Clipping 59 // Hypocorisms 59 // Backformation 59 //

Conversion 60 // Coinage 61 // Acronyms 61 // Derivation 62 // Prefixes and Suffixes 62 // Infixes 62 // Multiple Processes 63 // Study Questions 64 // Tasks 65 // Discussion Topics/Projects 68 // Further Reading 70 // 6 Morphology 72 // Morphology 73 // Morphemes 73 // Free and Bound Morphemes 74 // Lexica! and Functional Morphemes 74 Derivational Morphemes 75 // Inflectional Morphemes 75 // Morphological Description 76 // Morphs, Allomorphs and Special Cases 77 Other Languages 78 // Kanuri 78 // Ganda 78 // llocano 79 // Tagalog 79 // Study Questions 80 // Tasks 81 // Discussion Topics/Projects 85 // Further Reading 87 // 7 Grammar 89 // English Grammar 90 // Traditional Grammar 90 // The Parts of Speech 91 // Agreement 92 // Grammatical Gender 93 // Traditional Analysis 93 // The Prescriptive Approach 94 // Captain Kirk’s Infinitive 94 // The Descriptive Approach 95 // Structural Analysis 95 // Constituent Analysis 96 // Subjects and Objects 97 // Word Order 98 // Language Typology 98 // Why Study Grammar? 99 // Study Questions 100 // Tasks 100 // Discussion Topics/Projects 105 // Further Reading 106 // 8 Syntax ?? // Syntactic Rules 109 // A Generative Grammar 109 // Deep and Surface Structure 110 // Structural Ambiguity 110 // Syntactic Analysis 111 // Phrase Structure Rules 112 // Lexical Rules 112 // Tree Diagrams 113 // Tree Diagrams of English Sentences 114 Just Scratching The Surface 115 // Study Questions 116 // Tasks 117 // Discussion Topics/Projects 121 // Further Reading 123 // 9 Semantics 124 // Meaning 125 // Semantic Features 126 // Words as Containers of Meaning 127 Semantic Roles 127 // Agent and Theme 127 // Instrument and Experiencer 128 // Location, Source and Goal 128 // Lexical relations 129 // Synonymy 129 // Contents // Antonymy 130 // Hyponymy 130 // Prototypes 132 // Homophones and Homonyms 132 // Polysemy 133 // Word Play 133 //

Metonymy 134 // Collocation 134 // Study Questions 135 // Tasks 136 // Discussion Topics/Projects 138 // Further Reading 139 // 10 Pragmatics 141 // Invisible Meaning 142 // Context 143 // Deixis 144 // Reference 145 // Inference 145 // Anaphora 146 // Presupposition 147 // Pragmatic Markers 147 // Politeness 148 // Negative and Positive Face 148 // Speech Acts 149 // Direct and Indirect Speech Acts 149 // Study Questions 150 // Tasks 151 // Discussion Topics/Projects 154 // Further Reading 155 // 11 Discourse Analysis 157 // Discourse 158 // Interpreting Discourse 158 // Cohesion 159 // Coherence 160 // Conversation analysis 161 // Turn-Taking 161 // Pauses and Filled Pauses 162 // Adjacency Pairs 162 // Insertion Sequences 163 // The Co-operative Principle 164 // Hedges 165 // Implicatures 165 // Background Knowledge 166 // Schemas and Scripts 167 // Study Questions 168 // Tasks 168 // Discussion Topics/Projects 171 // Further Reading 172 // 12 Language and the Brain m // Neurolinguistics 175 // Language Areas in the Brain 175 // Broca’s Area 176 // Wernicke’s Area 176 // The Motor Cortex and the Arcuate Fasciculus 177 // The Localization View 177 // Tongue Tips and Slips 178 // The Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon 178 Slips of the Tongue 178 // Slips of the Brain 179 // Slips of the Ear 179 // Aphasia 180 // Broca’s Aphasia 180 // Wernicke’s Aphasia 181 // Conduction Aphasia 181 // Dichotic Listening 182 // Left Brain, Right Brain 183 // The Critical Period 183 // Genie 184 // Study Questions 185 // Tasks 185 // Discussion Topics/Projects 187 // Further Reading 188 // 13 First Language Acquisition 190 // Acquisition 191 // Input 191 // Caregiver Speech 192 // The Acquisition Schedule 192 // Cooing 193 // Babbling 193 // The One-Word Stage 194 // The Two-Word Stage 194 // Telegraphic Speech 195 // The Acquisition Process 195 // Learning through Imitation? 196 //

Learning through Correction? 196 // Developing Morphology Developing Syntax // Forming Questions Forming NegativesDeveloping Semantics // Later Developments // Study Questions Tasks // Discussion Topics/Projects Further Reading // 14 Second Language Acquisition/Learning // Second Language Learning // Acquisition and Learning Acquisition Barriers The Age Factor Affective Factors // Focus on Teaching Method // The Grammar-Translation Method The Audiolinguai Method Communicative Approaches // Focus on the Learner // Transfer Interlanguage Motivation Input and Output Task-Based Learning Communicative Competence Study Questions Tasks // Discussion Topics/Projects Further Reading // 15 Gestures and Sign Languages // Gestures // Iconics // Deictics // Beats // Types of Sign Languages Oralism Signed English Origins of ASL // The Structure of Signs 227 // Shape and Orientation 228 // Location 228 // Movement 228 // Primes 228 // Facial Expressions and // Finger-Spelling 229 // Representing Signs 229 // The Meaning of Signs 230 // ASL as a Natural Language 231 // Study Questions 232 // Tasks 232 // Discussion Topics/Projects 233 // Further Reading 234 // 16 Written Language 236 // Writing 237 // Pictograms 237 // Ideograms 238 // Logograms 239 // Phonographic Writing 240 // The Rebus Principle 240 // Syllabic Writing 241 // Alphabetic Writing 242 // Written English 243 // English Orthography 244 // Study Questions 245 // Tasks 245 // Discussion Topics/Projects 247 // Further Reading 249 // 17 Language History // and Change 251 // Family Trees 252 // Indo-European 253 // Cognates 253 // Comparative Reconstruction 254 // Comparing Cognates 254 // Sound Reconstruction 255 // Word Reconstruction 255 // The History of English 256 // Old English 256 // Middle English 257 // Sound Changes 258 // Metathesis 258 // Epenthesis 259 // Prothesis 259 // Syntactic Changes 259 //

Loss of inflections 260 // Semantic Changes 260 // Broadening of Meaning 260 // Narrowing of Meaning 261 // Diachronic and Synchronic Variation 261 Study Questions 262 // Tasks 263 // Discussion Topics/Projects 265 // Further Reading 266 // 18 Regional Variation in // Language 268 // The Standard Language 269 // Accent and Dialect 269 // Variation in Grammar 270 // Dialectology 270 // Regional Dialects 271 // Isoglosses 271 // Dialect Boundaries 272 // The Dialect Continuum 273 // Bilingualism 273 // Diglossia 274 // Language Planning 275 // Pidgins 276 // Creoles 277 // The Post-Creole Continuum 277 // Study Questions 278 // Tasks 278 // Discussion Topics/Projects 280 // Further Reading 281 // 19 Social Variation // in Language 283 // Sociolinguistics 284 // Social Dialects 284 // Education and Occupation 285 // Social Markers 286 // Speech Style and Style-Shifting 287 // Prestige 288 // Speech Accommodation 288 // Convergence 288 // Divergence 289 // Register 289 // Jargon 289 // Slang 290 // Taboo Terms 290 // African American English 291 // Vernacular Language 291 // The Sounds of a Vernacular 292 // The Grammar of a Vernacular 292 // Study Questions 294 // Tasks 294 // Discussion Topics/Projects 297 // Further Reading 297 // 20 Language and Culture 299 // Culture 300 // Categories 300 // Kinship Terms 301 // Time Concepts 301 // Linguistic Relativity 302 // The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 302 // Against the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 303 Snow 303 // Non-lexicalized Categories 304 // Cognitive Categories 304 // Classifiers 305 // Social Categories 305 // Address Terms 306 // Gender 307 // Gendered Words 307 // Gendered Structures 308 // Gendered Speech 308 // Same-Gender Talk 309 // Gendered Interaction 309 // Study Questions 310 // Tasks 310 // Discussion Topics/Projects 314 // Further Reading 314 // Glossary 317 // References 333 // Index 347