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BK

Eighth edition

New York : McGraw-Hill education, [2019]

xix, 790 stran : ilustrace (některé barevné) ; 28 cm

ISBN 978-1-260-09204-2 (brožováno)

Terminologický slovník

Obsahuje rejstřík

"This International Student Edition is for use outside of the U.S."--Obálka

001481161

Larvacea (Appendicularia) 70 Thaliacea 73 // Overview of Protochordates 73 // Chordate Origins 74 // Chordates from Annelids and Arthropods 75 Chordates from Echinoderms 75 Auricularian Hypothesis 76 Larval Echi noderm to Cbordate Tadpole 77 Chordate Origins and Phylogeny 77 Dorsoventral Inversion 78 // Overview 80 // chapter three // The Vertebrate Story 82 // Introduction 82 Innovations 83 Vertebral Column 83 Cranium 84 Origin of Vertebrates 84 Step l: Prevertebrate 85 Step 2: Agnathan 85 Step 3: Gnathostome 86 Vertebrate Classification 86 // Agnathans 86 // Living Agnathans 86 Myxi no idea 86 Petromyzontiformes 88 Early Vertebrate Fossils 89 Conodonts 89 Ostracoderms 90 Pteraspidomorphi 93 // Other Ostracoderms (Osteostracans, Anaspids, The lodo nts) 93 // Overview of Agnathan Evolution 93 // Gnathostomes 94 Placodermi 94 Chondrichthyes 95 Elasmobranchii—Sharks and Rays 96 Holocephali—Chimaeras 97 // Teleostomi 97 Acanthodii 97 Osteichthyes 98 Actinopterygii 99 Sarcopterygii IO I Overview of Fish Phylogeny 104 // Tetrapods 104 // Primitive Tetrapods 104 Labyrinthodonts 104 Lissamphibia—Modern Amphibians 106 // Urodela (Caudata)-Salamanders 107 Salientia (Anitra)-Frogs 107 Gymnophiona (Apoda)-Caecilians 108 Lepospondyls 108 // Amniotes 108 // Stem-Amniotes 110 Sauropsids 110 Reptilia ?? Synapsida 119 Pelycosauria 119 Therapsida 120 Mammalia 121 // Overview 126 // CHAPTER four // Biological Design 128 // INTRODUCTION: SIZE AND SHAPE 128 // Size 129 // Relationships Among

Length, Area, and Volume 129 Surface Area 133 Volume and Mass 133 // Shape 134 // Allometry 134 Transformation Grids 134 // On the Consequences of Being the Right Size 137 // Biomechanics 137 // Fundamental Principles 138 Basic Quantities—Length, Time, and Mass 138 Units 139 // Derived Quantities—Velocity, Acceleration, // Force, and Relatives 139 Reference Systems 140 Center of Mass 140 Vectors 140 Basic Force Laws 141 Free Bodies and Forces 141 Torques and Levers 142 Land and Fluid 144 Life on Land: Gravity 144 Life in Fluids 144 Machines 147 Strength of Materials 148 Loads 149 // Biological Design and Biological Failure 149 Tissue Response to Mechanical Stress 150 Responsiveness of Bone 152 // Biophysics and Other Physical Processes 155 Diffusion and Exchange 156 // viii // Contents // Pressures and Partial Pressures 156 Countercurrent, Concurrent, and Crosscurrent Exchange 156 Optics 158 Depth Perception 158 Accommodation 158 // Overview 159 // CHAPTER five Life History 161 // Introduction 161 // Early Embryology 163 Fertilization 163 Cleavage 164 Amphioxus 164 Fishes 165 Amphibians 165 Reptiles and Birds 165 Mammals 166 Overview of Cleavage 167 Gastrulation and Neurulation 167 Amphioxus 169 Fishes 169 Amphibians 171 Reptiles and Birds 171 Mammals 173 // Organogenesis 176 Histogenesis 177 Epithelium 177 // Covering and Lining Epithelium J 79 Glandular Epithelium 180 Connective Tissues 180 General Connective Tissues 181 Special Connective Tissues 181 Bone Development and

Growth 182 Endochondral Bone Development 183 Intramembranous Bone Development 184 Comparative Bone Histology 186 Bone Remodeling and Repair 186 Joints 187 // Neural Crest and Ectodermal Placodes 189 // Extraembryonic Membranes 190 Reptiles and Birds 190 Mammals 191 Eutherian Placenta 192 Other Placentae 192 // Overview of Early Embryonic Development 193 // Development of the Coelom // and Its Compartments 196 // Maturation 197 Metamorphosis 197 Heterochrony 198 Peramorphosis 199 Paedomorphosis 199 // Ontogeny and Phylogeny 201 Biogenetic Law 201 Von Baer’s Law 202 Overview of the Biogenetic Laws 202 Hox Genes and Their Kingdoms 204 Egg to Adult 204 // Shaping Up: Positions and Parts 204 Evolutionary Significance 204 Epigenomics 205 Induction 206 Phylogeny 206 // Overview 210 // CHAPTER Six // Integument 212 // Embryonic Origin 213 // General Features of the Integument 213 Dermis 213 Epidermis 215 // Phylogeny 216 // Integument of Fishes 216 Prim itive Fishes 217 Chondrich thy es 217 Bony Fishes 218 Integument of Tetrapods 219 Amphibians 219 Reptiles 220 Birds 221 Mammals 228 // Specializations of the Integument 233 Nails, Claws, Hooves 233 Horns and Antlers 234 Baleen 235 Scales 236 Dermal Armor 236 Mucus 237 Color 238 // Overview 239 // chapter seven // Skeletal System: The Skull 241 // Introduction 242 // Contents // ix // Chondrocranium 242 Embryology 242 // Splanchnocranium 244 Embryology 244 Origin of Jaws 246 Types of Jaw Attachments 247 // Dermatocranium 248 // Parts

of the Dermatocranium 249 Dermal Bone Series 24 9 // Overview of Skull Morphology 250 Braincase 250 Jaws 253 // Hyoid Apparatus 253 // Cranial Kinesis 253 // Phylogeny of the Skull 255 Agnathans 255 Early Vertebrates 255 Ostracoderms 255 Cyclostomes 255 Gnathostomes 255 Fishes 256 Early Tetrapods 263 Primitive Amniotes 264 Modern Reptiles 268 Birds 272 Synapsids 274 // Overview of Skull Function and Design 284 Prey Capture 285 Feeding in Water 285 Feeding in Air 287 Swallowing 288 // Overview 288 // Cranial Neural Crest 288 // Emergence of Mammals 289 // Evolutionary Modifications of Immature Forms: // Akinesis in Mammals 291 // Composite Skull 292 // chapter eight // Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton 294 // Introduction 294 // Basic Components 295 Vertebrae 295 // Regions of the Vertebral Column 295 Centra 295 Ribs 297 // Sternum 299 Gastralia 299 // Embryonic Development 301 Fishes 301 Tetrapods 302 // Phylogeny 304 Fishes 304 Agnathans 304 Gnathostomes 304 Tetrapods 309 Early Tetrapods 309 Amniotes 312 // Form and Function 314 Fluid Environment 314 Terrestrial Environment 315 Design of Vertebrae 317 Direction of the Neural Spine 317 Height of the Neural Spine 317 Regionalization of the Vertebral Column 318 // Overview 321 // CHAPTER nine // Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton 325 // Introduction 325 // Basic Components 326 Fins 326 Limbs 326 // Origin of Paired Fins 327 Gill-Arch Theory 327 Fin-Fold Theory 328 // Embryonic Development of Tetrapod Limbs 330 // Phylogeny

331 Fishes 331 Agnathans 331 Placode rms 331 Chondrichthyans 333 Acanthodians 334 Bony Fishes 334 Tetrapods 336 Pectoral Girdle 336 Pelvic Girdle 339 Manus and Pes 339 // Evolution of the Appendicular System 346 Dual Origin of the Pectoral Girdle 346 Adaptive Advantage of Lobe Fins 347 Onto the Land 347 // x // Contents // Form and Function 348 Swimming 349 Terrestrial Locomotion 350 Early Gaits 350 Early Modes of Locomotion 350 Cursorial Locomotion 353 Aerial Locomotion 358 Origin of Bird Flight 367 Fossorial Locomotion 369 // Overview 370 // CHAPTER ten // The Muscular System 372 // Introduction 372 // Muscle Anatomy 373 // Classification of Muscles 373 Skeletal Muscle 373 Cardiac Muscle 373 Smooth Muscle 373 Structure of Skeletal Muscles 374 Tendons 375 // Basis of Muscle Contraction 376 Resting and Active Muscle 3 76 Molecular Mechanisms of Contraction 376 // Muscle Function 376 Muscle Fibers 376 // Tension-Length Curves for a Single Muscle Fiber 376 Properties of Muscle Fibers 376 Muscle Organs and Fibers 379 Whole Muscle Force Generation 379 Tension-Length Curves for a Whole Muscle 379 Graded Force 380 Cross-Sectional A rea 381 Fiber Orientation 383 Velocity of Shortening 384 Distance of Shortening 384 Bone-Muscle Lever Systems 384 Sequencing of Muscle Actions 387 Overview of Muscle Mechanics 387 Muscle Actions 389 Muscle Homologies 389 // Embryonic Origin of Muscles 390 // Muscle Evolution 391 // Postcranial Musculature 392 Axial Musculature 392 Appendicular Musculature

395 Cranial Musculature 404 Jaw and Pharyngeal Musculature 404 Branchiomeric Musculature 405 // Extrinsic Eye Muscles 405 Hypobranchial Musculature 410 // Overview 410 // chapter eleven // The Respiratory System 413 // Introduction 413 // Respiratory Organs 416 Gills 416 Gas Bladders 416 Lungs 416 Swim Bladders 416 Cutaneous Respiratory Organs 417 Accessory Air-Breathing Organs 417 Breathing and Embryos 418 // Ventilatory Mechanisms 421 Cilia 421 // Muscular Mechanisms 421 Water Ventilation: Dual Pump 421 Air Ventilation: Buccal Pump 422 Air Ventilation: Aspiration Pump 423 // Phylogeny 424 Agnathans 424 Elasmobranchs 426 Bony Fishes 427 Overview of Fish Respiration 427 Gills 427 // Lungs and Swim Bladders 428 Amphibians 430 Amphibian Larvae 430 Amphibian Adults 432 Reptiles 433 Mammals 435 Ventilation 435 Gas Exchange 437 Birds 437 // Form and Function 440 Patterns of Gas Transfer 440 Rates of Gas Transfer 443 Breathing in Water 444 Breathing in Air 444 // Evolution of Respiratory Organs 444 Acid-Base Regulation 444 Ventilation 446 Ciliary Pumps 446 Muscular Pumps 446 Water-to-Land Transition 446 Air-Breathing Organs 446 Advantages of Movement to Land 448 // Contents // xi // Air-Breathing Mechanisms 448 Bird Lungs and Air Sacs 449 // Overview 450 // chapter twelve // The Circulatory System 452 // Introduction 452 // Cardiovascular System 453 Blood 453 // Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries 453 Arteries 454 // Hemodynamics of Circulation 454 Veins 455 Microcirculation 455 Single

and Double Circulation 456 Embryonic Development of the Cardiovascular System 457 Phylogeny of the Cardiovascular System 458 Arterial Vessels 462 Venous Vessels 467 Hearts 474 // Basic Vertebrate Heart 4 74 Fishes 4 76 Amphibians 479 Reptiles 481 Birds and Mammals 490 Cardiovascular System: Matching Design to Environmental Demands 491 Accessory’ A ir-Breathing Organs 492 Diving Birds and Mammals 492 Heart Flow 493 // Ontogeny of Cardiovascular Function 493 Fetal Circulation in Placental Mammals 493 Changes at Birth 4 93 Heat Transfer 495 // Lymphatic System 497 Lymphatic Vessels 497 Lymphatic Tissue 499 Form and Function 499 // Overview 500 // chapter thirteen // The Digestive System 504 // Introduction 504 Preview 504 // Components of the Digestive System 505 Buccal Cavity 505 // Boundaries 505 Palate 506 Teeth 507 Tongue 517 Pharynx 5 18 Alimentary Canal 521 Esophagus 522 Stomach 522 Intestines 524 Cloaca 526 // Specializations of the Alimentary Canal 526 Vascularization of the Gastrointestinal Tract 528 Fishes 528 Tetrapods 529 // Associated Glands of Digestion 532 Oral Glands 532 Liver 534 Pancreas 534 // Function and Evolution of the Digestive System 536 Absorption 536 Feces 536 // Mechanical Breakdown of Food 537 Mastication 53 7 Gizzards 537 // Chemical Breakdown of Food 537 Foregut Fermentation 538 Hindgut Fermentation 541 Foregut versus Hindgut Fermenters 541 Size and Fermentation 542 Digesting Toxins 543 Feeding and Fasting 543 // Overview 544 // chapter fourteen

The Urogenital System 546 // Introduction 546 // Urinary System 546 // Embryonic Development 547 Nephrotome to Nephric Tubules 54 7 Tripartite Concept of Kidney Organization 548 Kidney Phylogeny 551 Fishes 551 Tetrapods 552 // Kidney Function and Structure 554 Excretion: Removing the Products of Nitrogen Metabolism 554 Osmoregulation: Regulating Water and Salt Balance 555 Evolution 563 // xii // Contents // Preadaptation 563 Origin of Vertebrates 563 // Reproductive System 564 Structure of the Mammalian Reproductive System 564 Embryonic Development 564 Gonads and Gametes 564 Reproductive Tracts 566 Overview 566 // Female Reproductive System 568 Ovary 568 Genital Ducts 568 Oviduct 570 Uterus 571 // Male Reproductive System 573 Testis 5 73 Genital Ducts 5 73 Copulator}’ Organs 577 Cloaca 583 Urinary Bladder 587 Function and Evolution 589 Potency and Fertility 589 External and Internal Fertilization 589 Delays in Gestation 590 // Overview 590 // chapter fifteen // The Endocrine System 593 // Survey of Endocrine Glands 593 Thyroid Gland 593 Structure and Phylogeny 593 Function 595 // Ultimobranchial Body and Parathyroid Gland 597 Ultimobranchial Body 597 Parathyroid Gland 598 Form and Function 599 Adrenal Gland 599 Structure and Phylogeny 599 Function 602 Pancreatic Islets 603 Structure and Phylogeny 603 Function 603 Pituitary Gland 605 Structure 605 Phylogeny 607 Function 608 Gonads 611 Pineal Gland 611 Secondary Endocrine Glands 612 Gastrointestinal Tract 612 Kidneys 613 // Endocrine

Coordination 614 Mammalian Reproduction 614 Male 614 Female 614 // Metamorphosis in Frogs 617 Fundamentals of Hormonal Control 621 Functional and Structural Linkage 621 Target Tissue Responses 622 The Endocrine System and the Environment 622 // Evolution 623 // Overview 625 // chapter sixteen // The Nervous System 626 // Introduction 626 // Types of Cells within the Nervous System 626 Neuroglia 626 Neurons 626 // Transmission of Information 627 Neurosecretory Cells 629 // Peripheral Nervous System 629 Spinal Nerves 630 Cranial Nerves 631 Evolution 638 // Functions of the Peripheral Nervous System 639 Spinal Reflexes 639 The Autonomic Nervous System 642 // Central Nervous System 647 Embryology 647 Spinal Cord 650 Spinal Reflexes 650 Spinal Tracts 651 Brain 652 Phylogeny 652 Form and Function 655 Functional Associations of Parts of the Central Nervous System 667 Limbic System 667 // Overview 669 // chapter seventeen // Sensory Organs 672 // Introduction 672 // Components of a Sensory Organ 673 // General Sensory Organs 673 Free Sensory Receptors 673 // Contents // xiii // Encapsulated Sensory Receptors 674 Associated Sensory Receptors 674 Proprioception 674 Mechanisms of Perceiving Stimuli from General Sensory Receptors 675 // Special Sensory Organs 675 Chemoreceptors 675 Nasal Passages 6 76 Vomeronasal A rea 6 78 Mouth 679 // Radiation Receptors 680 Photoreceptors 682 Infrared Receptors 692 Mechanoreceptors 694 Lateral Line System 695 Vestibular Apparatus 696 Auditory System 697

Functions of the Ear 702 Electroreceptors 710 Structure and Phylogeny 710 Form and Function 710 Additional Special Sensory Organs 713 // Overview 713 // chapter eighteen // Conclusions 715 // Introduction 715 // Approaches-Structure, Function, Environment // (Ecology) 715 // The Here and Now 716 // Structural Analysis 718 // Functional Analysis 719 How Does It Work? 719 // Functional Coupling, Functional Compromise 720 Multiple Functions 721 Performance 722 // Ecological Analysis 723 // Evolutionary Analysis 723 Historical Constraints 723 Primitive and Advanced 723 Diversity of ???/Unity of Pattern 724 Mosaic Evolution 726 Morphology and Modules 726 // Mode and Tempo of Evolution 728 Remodeling 729 Embryonic Changes 730 Genes 730 // Evolutionary Significance 731 The Promise of Vertebrate Morphology 731 // Appendix A // Vector Algebra 732 // Appendix ? // International Units (Sd 734 // Appendix C // Common Greek and Latin Combining Forms 737 // Appendix D // Classification of Chordates Linnaean 741 // Classification of Chordates Cladistic 744 // Glossary 745 Index 759 // xiv // Contents