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First edition

Olomouc : Palacký University, 2019

363 stran : ilustrace ; 25 cm

ISBN 978-80-244-5486-3 (vázáno)

ISBN 978-80-244-5490-0 (online ; pdf)

Olomouc modern language monographs ; vol. 7

Obsahuje bibliografii na stranách 346-354, bibliografické odkazy a rejstřík

001481277

INTRODUCTION 13 // 1 BASIC CONCEPTS 16 // 1.1 Models of Communication 16 // 1.2 Language as a Code 17 // 1.3 Linguistics and Science 13 // 1.3.1 Sciences and disciplines dealing with human language 18 // 1.3.2 Formal analyses of language structure 19 // 1.3.3 Forms and functions 20 // 1.4 Adequacy of the I linguistic Model 22 // 1.5 linguistics as a Science 23 // 1.5.1 A note about taxonomies 24 // 1.6 How to Evaluate Linguistic Data 24 // 1.6.1 Negative evidence in grammar 26 // 2 MORPHEMES 28 // 2.1 Lexical and Non-lexical Meanings of Morphemes 28 // 2.2 Criteria for Dividing Morphemes 31 // 2.2.1 The meaning/ function of the morpheme 31 // 2.2.2 The independent occurrence of the morpheme 32 // 2.2.3 Position of the morpheme with respect to the stem 32 // 2.3 Morphemes (Features) and Their Realizations 33 // 2.4 Level of Abstraction in Morphology 34 // 2.4.1 Combing morphemes: Early and late insertion 34 // 3 VOCABULARY 38 // 3.1 The Lexicon 38 // 3.2 Sources of Word Formation 39 // 3.3 Word Formation by Composition 39 // 3.3.1 Diverse, less central word formations 40 // 3.3.2 The nature of back formation 41 // 3.4 Derivational Morphology 42 // 3.5 The Open-endedness of the Lexicon 43 // 3.6 Productivity of Derivations and Its Limits 43 // 3.6.1 Blocking effect 43 // 3.6.2 Phonological limits on productivity 44 // 3.6.3 Morphological limits on productivity 44 // 3.6.4 Semantic limits on productivity 45 // 3.7 Classes of Morphemes 45 // 3.8 Conversion 46 // 4 MULTIPLE STEMS OF COMPOUNDS 48 // 4.1 No Standard Spelling for Compounds 49 // 4.2 Stress Placement 30 // 4.3 Inflectional Morphology in Compounds 50 // 4.4 Syntactic Transparency in Compounds 51 // 4.5 Semantic Transparency in Compounds 52 // 4.6 I Icadcdness of Compounds 53 // 4.7 Right Hand Head Rule 54 // 4.8 Special Kinds of English Compounds 55 // 4.8.1 Nominal compounds: Bracketing paradox 55 //

4.8.2 Verbal compounds (incorporation) 55 // 4.8.3 Other types of endocentric (English) compounds 56 // 4.8.4 Exocentric (headless) compounds in English 59 // 4.9 Summary of English Compound Structures 60 // 5 LANGUAGE TYPOLOGY 62 // 5.1 Genetic Classification 62 // 5.2 Morphological Classification (Typology) 63 // 5.3 Index of synthesis 63 // 5.3.1 Isolating languages 64 // 5.3.2 Synthetic Languages 64 // 5.4 Index of fusion 65 // 5.4.1 Agglutinating languages (Latin gluten = glue) 66 // 5.4.2 Fusional /inflectional languages 67 // 6 PARTS OF SPEECH/CATEGORIES 69 // 6.1 The Nature of Grammatical Categories 69 // 6.2 Criteria for Establishing Parts of Speech 70 // 6.2.1 General Classification of Parts of Speech 71 // 6.3 Semantic-Notional Criteria for Establishing a Category 72 // 6.4 Morphological Criteria for Establishing an Item’s Category 72 // 6.4.1 Derivational morphology and the right hand head rule 72 // 6.4.2 Inflectional morphology: Categorial features 73 // 6.4.3 Grammaticalization as a source of morphological features 74 // 6.4.4 Types of features in morphology 76 // 6.5 Syntactic Criteria for Establishing a Category’ 78 // 6.5.1 Pleads, phrases and Pro-forms 79 // 6.6 Categorial Proto-typicality 81 // 6.7 Some Functional Categories or “Minor” Parts of Speech 83 // 7 NOUNS: SEMANTICS AND MORPHOLOGY 84 // 7.1 Countability and Number 85 // 7.1.1 Countability 86 // 7.1.2 Number 87 // 7.2 Animacy and Gender of Nouns 89 // 7.2.1 Grammaticalization of Animacy 89 // 7.2.2 Gender 90 // 7.3 Determiners: Reference and Quantification 93 // 7.3.1 Classification of Determiners with respect to distribution 94 // 7.3.2 Central Determiners and the category DET 95 // 7.3.3 Postdeterminer position and numerals 95 // 7.3.4 Contrasting Pronouns and Articles 95 // 7.3.5 Types of Co-reference 97 // 8 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF NP 99 //

8.1 Internal Structure of Noun Phrases 99 // 8.1.1 N-premodi tiers 100 // 8.1.2 Determined and quantified NP 102 // 8.1.3 Recursive pre-modifiers in NP 104 // 8.1.4 Recursive postmodifiers of N 104 // 8.2 Distribution and Sentence Functions of Noun Phrases 106 // 8.3 Case Inflection and Sentence Functions 107 // 8.3.1 Abstract and morphological Case 107 // 8.3.2 The repertory and realizations of morphological Case 107 // 8.3.3 The source of Case 108 // 8.3.4 The role of Case in interpretation: semantic roles 109 // 9 PRONOUNS 113 // 9.1 Personal Pronouns 114 // 9.1.1 Interpretations of personal Pronouns 114 // 9.1.2 Special kinds of personal Pronouns 115 // 9.1.3 Functions and forms of personal Pronouns 115 // 9.2 Demonstratives: Determiners, Pronouns and Adverbs 116 // 9.3 Restricted Modification of Pronominals 116 // 9.4 Compound Indefinite Pronouns 117 // 9.5 Multi-valued English ONE 118 // 9.6 Relative Pronouns 118 // 9.6.1 Relative Pronoun agreement 119 // 9.6.2 Case with relative Pronouns 119 // 9.6.3 Omitting the relative Pronoun 120 // 9.7 Interrogative Pronouns 121 // 9.7.1 The form of the interrogative Pronouns 121 // 9.7.2 The position of the wh-Pronouns 121 // 9.7.3 Interpretation of interrogative Pronouns 122 // 10 BOUND ANAPHORS 123 // 10.1 Deixis, Reference and Co-reference 123 // 10.1.1 Anaphors and cataphors 123 // 10.1.2 Anaphors, pronominals and referential expressions 124 // 10.1.3 Co-reference: Antecedents marked with indices 125 // 10.2 The Binding Theory 125 // 10.3 The Forms and 1 nterpretations of Bound Anaphors 126 // 10.3.1 English reciprocals 127 // 10.3.2 More cross-linguistic variation 128 // 10.4 The Distribution of Bound Anaphors in English 128 // 11 THE MODIFIER CATEGORY A 130 // 11.1 Semantic Characteristics of Adjectives/Adverbs 130 // 11.2 Adjectival/ Adverbial Morphology 132 // 11.2.1 Derivational morphology for the category "A" 132 //

11.2.2 Inflectional features of the category A 133 // 11.2.3 Grading of the category A 133 // 11.2.4 The inflectional nature of-ly 134 // 11.3 The Structure of AP 136 // 11.3.1 Pre-modification of A 136 // 11.3.2 Postmodification of A 137 // 11.3.3 Bare, unmodified Adverbs 139 // 11.3.4 The category of A 139 // 12 FUNCTIONS OF APS 141 // 12.1 Syntax of Adjective Phrases 141 // 12.1.1 Attribute function of Adjective pre- and postmodifiers 141 // 12.1.2 Predicate function of Adjective phrases 145 // 12.1.3 Predicate Adjective or Subject Complement? 146 // 12.1.4 Subject and Object Complements (secondary Predicates) 148 // 12.1.5 Central vs. peripheral Adjectives 149 // 12.1.6 Secondary and  quotation” Adjectives 149 // 12.2 Syntax of ‘Adverbial’ Phrases 151 // 12.2.1 Adverbials as modifiers 151 // 12.2.2 General distribution of adverbial Adjunct APs 152 // 12.3 Adverbial Prepositions and Particles as PPs 153 // 12.3.1 Adverbs and particles 154 // 13 VERBS 155 // 13.1 Semantic Specifications and Classifications 155 // 13.1.1 Event structure and valency 155 // 13.1.2 Classification of Verbs based on sematic structure 156 // 13.2 The English Verbal Paradigm 158 // 13.2.1 Finite vs. non-fmite verbal forms 159 // 13.3 Tense 160 // 13.4 English Verbal Aspects 161 // 13.4.1 Combinations of Aspect and Tense 162 // 13.5 Mood and Modality 163 // 13.6 Voice: Actives and Passives 165 // 13.7 Subject-Verb Agreement 165 // 13.8 The Morphological Template of a Predicate 166 // 14 SYNTAX OF VERBS: THE VERB PHRASE 168 // 14.1 Verb Phrase Internal Structure 168 // 14.2 Complement Selection (= Subcategorization) 168 // 14.2.1 Verbs selecting Verbs: Complex VP projections 171 // 14.3 Comparing VP and NP Projections 173 // 14.4 Typical Sentence Functions of Verb Phrases 174 // 15 LEXICAL VS. NON-LEXICAL VERBS 175 // 15.1 Semantic Specifications of Verbs 176 //

15.2 Deontic and Epistemic Modals 177 // 15.3 Phonetic Reductions of Auxiliaries and Modals 178 // 15.4 Morphological Properties of Auxiliaries and Modals 178 // 15.5 Syntax of Lexical and Non-lexical Verbs 180 // 15.5.1 Question formation 180 // 15.5.2 Negalion 181 // 15.5.3 Codas and truncated clauses 182 // 15.5.4 N.I.C.E. properties 183 // 15.5.5 Phonetically empty Í1, the Auxiliary IX) and DO-support 183 // 15.6 Morphological vs. Syntactic Model of English Predicates 184 // 15.6.1 Functional classification 185 // 15.6.2 Classification of non-lexical Verbs 186 // 16 SPECIFICS OF THE ENGLISH AUXILIARY VERBS DO, BE AND // HA \\ E 188 // 16.1 Two Lexical Entries for the Verb DO 188 // 16.2 Multi-functional BE 189 // 16.3 Specificity ofmVE 190 // 16.3.1 Stative HAVE 190 // 16.3.2 Auxiliary HAVE 192 // 16.3.3 Lexical frames for the Verb HAVE 193 // 16.4 Items with Dual Specification as Modals and Lexical Verbs 195 // 17 CLAUSAL CONSTITUENTS 196 // 17.1 Models of Predication Clause Structure 196 // 17.1.1 Relation between Subject and Predicate 196 // 17.2 Constituency Tests 198 // 17.2.1 Topiealization (fronting) of constituents 199 // 17.2.2 Getting and pseudo-clefting of constituents 199 // 17.2.3 Pro-form substitution (replacement) 200 // 17.2.4 Ellipsis (sentence fragments, question answering test) 201 // 17.2.5 Omission (deletion) of constituents 201 // 17.2.6 Coordination of like constituents 202 // 17.2.7 Morphology characteristic of types of constituents 202 // 18 STRUCTURAL RELATIONS IN SENTENCES 204 // 18.1 Hierarchy and Co-reference 204 // 18.2 Hierarchy and Morphosyntax 207 // 18.2.1 Case and adjacency 207 // 18.2.2 Agreement 208 // 18.3 The Structures of Sentence Members 209 // 18.4 Attributes 211 // 18.4.1 Scope and interpretation of Attributes 211 // 18.4.2 Prenominai Attributes 214 // 18.4.3 Postnominal Attributes 215 //

19 SUBCATEGORIZATION 217 // 19.1 Semantic and Formal Hierarchies 219 // 19.2 Complements and Adjuncts 220 // 19.2.1 Defining Complements and Adjuncts 221 // 19.2.2 Adjuncts: Verbal and sentential Adverbs: ‘Scope’ 222 // 19.2.3 Bottom up Merge of lexical items in trees 223 // 20 STRUCTURAL V-OBJECTS 225 // 20.1 Semantic Roles of Objects of the Verb 225 // 20.2 Morphological Properties of Objects 226 // 20.3 Syntactic Definition of Objects as V-Complements 226 // 20.3.1 English vs. Czech definitions of ‘syntactic/ structural’ Object 227 // 20.4 A Note about Terminology using COMPLEMENT 229 // 20.5 Complements and Syntactic Subcategorization 230 // 21 PASSIVIZATION 232 // 21.1 Pragmatics: Usage or External Function of Passivization 232 // 21.1.1 Deagentization 232 // 21.1.2 Rhematization of Agent 233 // 21.2 Restrictions on Passiv ization 235 // 21.2.1 Categorial incompatibility 235 // 21.2.2 Semantic restrictions on the by-phrase 235 // 21.2.3 Idiosyncratic characteristics of some Verbs 235 // 21.3 Adjectival and Verbal Passives 236 // 21.4 English Specific Characteristics if Passive Structures 238 // 21.4.1 English double Object structures 238 // 21.4.2 Preposition stranding and Phrasal Verbs 239 // 21.4.3 V+N compounds and verbo-nominal Predicates 241 // 21.4.4 Medio-passives 242 // 22 SUBJECTS 244 // 22.1 Semantic Roles of Subjects 244 // 22.2 Morphological Properties of Subjects 246 // 22.2.1 Subject Case 247 // 22.2.2 Subject - Predicate agreement 248 // 22.2.3 Pro-drop languages 249 // 22.3 Pragmatic Roles of Subjects related to Linearity 251 // 23 SYNTAX OF ENGLISH SUBJECTS 253 // 23.1 Syntactic Processes Targeting the Subject Position 254 // 23.2 Dissociating Form and Meaning 255 // 23.2.1 Expletive Subjects IT and THERE 255 // 23.2.2 Raising to Subject 258 // 23.3 Comparing Czech and English Subjects 259 // 24 ENGLISH NEGATION 261 //

24.1 Kinds of Negation 261 // 24.1.1 Semantic negation 261 // 24.1.2 Constituent negation: lexical and phrasal 261 // 24.2 Sentence Negation 262 // 24.3 The Form and Number of Negative Operators 263 // 24.4 Negative Polarity Items 265 // 24.5 Comparing not and ne\\’er 266 // 24.6 Tests for Polarity 267 // 24.7 The Scope of Negation 268 // 24.7.1 Shortening the scope of NEG 268 // 24.7.2 Enlarging the scope of NEG: NEG-transportation or transfer 269 // 24.8 Negative Adverbs and Partial Negation 269 // 25 DISCOURSE AND CLAUSAL PATTERNS 271 // 25.1 Clausal Taxonomy According to the Type of VP 271 // 25.2 Sentence Patterns: Modality 272 // 25.2.1 Narrow modality 272 // 25.2.2 Broad modality; functions and forms of English discourse 273 // 25.2.3 Clause patterns in English 273 // 25.2.4 Examples of English sentence patterns 276 // 25.3 Variety and Further Properties of  -questions 278 // 25.4 Comparing English and Czech  //-Questions 280 // 25.4.1 Extraction domains 280 // 25.4.2 Multiple wh-questions 281 // 25.4.3 Long-distance wh-movement 282 // 26 EMBEDDED SUBORDINATE CLAUSES 283 // 26.1 Nominal Content Clauses 285 // 26.1.1 Finite clause reductions 285 // 26.1.2 Mood and other characteristics of a finite subordinate clause 286 // 26.2 Relative Clauses 286 // 26.2.1 Relativization 287 // 26.2.2 Relative Pronoun deletion 288 // 26.2.3 Attributive nominal content clauses vs. relative clauses 289 // 27 STRUCTURE OF INFINITIVES 291 // 27.1 Features of a (Non-)Finite Verb 291 // 27.1.1 The Sentence function of fmitness 292 // 27.1.2 Agents of Infinitives 294 // 27.2 Control Structures with PRO 295 // 27.2.1 Subject control of the Agent of an Infinitive 295 // 27.2.2 Object control of the Agent of an Infinitive 296 // 27.2.3 Arbitrary control of the Agent of an Infinitive 296 // 27.3 Alternative Case Assignment for Subjects of Infinitives 297 // 27.3.1 Raising 297 //

27.3.2 Exceptional Case marking (ECM) 299 // 27.3.3 The Preposition ‘for’ with infinitival Subjects 300 // 27.4 Taxonomy of English Infinitives 301 // 28 DISTRIBUTION OF INFINITIVES 303 // 28.1 Bare Infinitives in English 303 // 28.2 Sentence Functions of Infinitives 305 // 28.3 Communicative and Pragmatic Function of Infinitives 307 // 28.4 General Distribution of Infinitives 308 // 29 ENGLISH V-ING FORMS 309 // 29.1 Derived Adjectives from V-ing Predicates 310 // 29.1.1 Derived Adjective Attributes from V-ing 310 // 29.2 Active Verbal Participles 311 // 29.2.1 The Progressive verbal participle 311 // 29.3 Derived Nominals and Gerunds 3 3 // 29.3.1 Combinatorial characteristics of Nouns 313 // 29.3.2 Combinatorial characteristics of a Verb 314 // 29.4 Three Kinds of English Nominalizations 315 // 29.4.1 Result nominals 316 // 29.4.2 Complex Event Nominals 316 // 29.5 Cierundive Nominals 317 // 29.5.1 Interpretation of Gerunds 318 // 29.6 Distributions of Participles, Gerunds and Infinitives 318 // 29.6.1 Nominal vs. verbal properties of nominalizations based on V-ing 319 // 29.6.2 Apparent categories; Fuzziness of t he -ing morpheme 321 // 30 WORD ORDER 322 // 30.1 Order of Morphemes 322 // 30.2 Phrasal Word Order 323 // 30.3 Clausal Word Order 323 // 30.3.1 The functions of clausal constituent order 324 // 30.3.2 Grammatical aspects of constituent order 324 // 30.4 Pragmatic Aspects of Word Order 325 // 30.4.1 Discourse motivated linearity 325 // 30.4.2 Typology of multiple levels of dynamicity 326 // 30.4.3 Contextually bound vs. context free elements 327 // 30.5 Testing Pragmatic Word Order 329 // 30.5.1 Question test for the Focus/new information 329 // 30.5.2 Inherent dynamism 330 // 30.5.3 Topicality hierarchy 330 // 30.6 More Aspects of Sentence Dynamism 331 // 30.7 Markedness Theory 332 // 31 SENTENCE DYNAMISM IN ENGLISH 333 //

31.1 Passivization and ESP 333 // 31.2 FSP and Existential Structures: There Is/Are 334 // 31.3 ( Pseudo-) Cleft Structures 335 // 31.4 Double Object Constructions and Sentence Dynamism 336 // 31.5 Topiealization 336 // 31.6 Preposing Adverbial Adjuncts 337 // 31.7 NP Extraposition, or Heavy NP Shift 338 // 31.8 Grammar or Pragmatics? 339 // 32 APPENDIX: TERMINOLOGICAL SUMMARY 341 // 32.1 Parts of speech/word categories 342 // 32.2 I unctions/sentence members/syntagmatic relations 342 // 32.2.1 The characteristics of prototypical, unmarked SUBJECTS 343 // 32.2.2 The characteristics of prototypical unmarked OBJECTS 343 // 32.2.3 The canonical, standard, unmarked ATTRIBUTES 343 // 32.2.4 Complements, Adjuncts and disjuncts 343 // 32.3 Semantic Roles/Argument rolcs/Thematie Roles 344 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 346

(OCoLC)1111970117

cnb003082474